CHAPTER 1 The Main Themes of Microbiology
  The Scope of Microbiology
  The Impact of Microbes on Earth: Small Organisms with a Giant Effect
   Microbial Involvement in Energy and Nutrient Flow
   Human Use of Microorganisms
   Infectious Diseases and the Human Condition
  The General Characteristics of Microorganisms
   Cellular Organization
   A Note on Viruses
   Microbial Dimensions: How Small Is Small?
   Life-styles of Microorganisms
  The Historical Foundations of Microbiology
   The Development of the Microscope: "Seeing Is Believing"
   The Establishment of the Scientific Method
   The Development of Medical Microbiology
  Taxonomy: Organizing, Classifying, and Naming Microorganisms
   The Levels of Classification
   Assigning Specific Names
   The Origin and Evolution of Microorganisms
   Systems of Presenting a Universal Tree of Life
  HISTORICAL HIGHLIGHTS 1.1
   The Fall of Mysticism and the Rise of Microbiology
  MEDICAL MICROFILE 1.2
   The Serendipity of the Scientific Method: Discovering Drugs
  Chapter Capsule with Key Terms
  Multiple-Choice Questions
  Concept Questions
  Critical-Thinking Questions
  Internet Search Topics
 CHAPTER 2 From Atoms to Cells:A Chemical Connection
  Atoms, Bonds, and Molecules: Fundamental Building Blocks
   Different Types of Atoms: Elements and Their Properties
   The Major Elements of Life and Their Primary Characteristics
  Bonds and Molecules
   Covalent Bonds and Polarity: Molecules with Shared Electrons
   Ionic Bonds: Electron Transfer Among Atoms
   Solutions: Homogeneous Mixtures of Molecules
   Acidity, Alkalinity, and the pH Scale
   The Chemistry of Carbon and Organic Compounds
   Functional Groups of Organic Compounds
  Macromolecules: Superstructures of Life
   Carbohydrates: Sugars and Polysaccharides
   Lipids: Fats, Phospholipids, and Waxes
   Proteins: Shapers of Life
   The Nucleic Acids: A Cell Computer and Its Programs
  Cells: Where Chemicals Come to Life
   Fundamental Characteristics of Cells
   Processes That Define Life
  SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 2.1
   Searching for Ancient Life with Isotopes
  MICROBITS 2.2
   Redox: Electron Transfer and Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
  MICROBITS 2.3
   Membranes: Cellular Skins
   Chapter Capsule with Key Terms
   Multiple-Choice Questions
   Concept Questions
   Critical-Thinking Questions
   Internet Search Topics
 CHAPTER 3 Tools of the Laboratory:The Methods for Studying Microorganisms
  Methods of Culturing Microorganisms-The Five I's
   Inoculation: Producing a Culture
   Isolation: Separating One Species from Another
   Media: Providing Nutrients in the Laboratory
   Incubation, Inspection, and Identification
  The Microscope: Window on an Invisible Realm
   Magnification and Microscope Design
   Variations on the Optical Microscope
   Electron Microscopy
   Preparing Specimens for Optical Microscopes
  MICROBITS 3.1
   Animal Inoculation: "Living Media"
  MICROBITS 3.2
   The Evolution in Resolution: Probing Microscopes
  MICROBITS 3.3
   The Chemistry of Dyes and Staining
   Chapter Capsule with Key Terms
   Multiple-Choice Questions
   Concept Questions
   Critical-Thinking Questions
   Internet Search Topics
 CHAPTER 4 Procaryotic Profiles:The Bacteria and Archaea
  Procaryotic Form and Function: External Structure
  The Structure of a Generalized Procaryotic Cell
   Appendages: Cell Extensions
   The Cell Envelope: The Outer Wrapping of Bacteria
   Structure of the Cell Wall 95
   Cell Membrane Stmcture
  Bacterial Form and Function: Internal Structure
   Contents of the Cell Cytoplasm
   Bacterial Endospores: An Extremely Resistant Stage
  Bacterial Shapes, Arrangements, and Sizes
  Bacterial Identification and Classification Systems
   Methods Used in Bacterial Identification
   Classification Systems in the Procaryotae
  Survey of Procaryotic Groups with Unusual Characteristics
   Unusual Forms of Medically Significant Bacteria
   Free-Living Nonpathogenic Bacteria
   Archaea: The Other Procaryotes
  SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 4.1
   Biofilms-The Glue of Life
  HISTORICAL HIGHLIGHTS 4.2
   The Gram Stain:A Grand Stain
  SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 4.3
   Redefining Bacterial Size
  Chapter Capsule with Key Terms
  Multiple-Choice Questions
  Concela Questions
  Crifical-Thinking Questions
  Internet Search Topics
 CHAPTER 5 Eucaryotic Cells and Microorganisms
  The Natureof Eucaryotes
  Form and Function of the Eucaryotic Cell: External Structures
   Locomotor Appendages: Cilia and Flagella
   Surface Structures: The Glycocalyx
   The Cell Wall
   The Cell Membrane
  Form and Function of the Eucaryotic Cell: Internal Structures
   The Nucleus: The Control Center
   Endoplasmic Reticulum: A Passageway in the Cell
   Golgi Apparatus: A Packaging Machine
   Mitochondria: Energy Generators of the Cell
   Chlomplasts: Photosynthesis Machines
   The Cytoskeleton: A Support Network
   Ribosomes: Protein Synthesizers
  Survey of Eucaryotic Microorganisms
  The Kingdom of the Fungi
   Fungal Nutrition
   Organization of Microscopic Fungi
   Reproductive Strategies and Spore Formation
   Fungal Classification
   Fungal Identification and Cultivation
   The Roles of Fungi in Nature and Industry
  The Protists
   The Algae: Photosynthetic Protists
   Biology of the Protozoa
  The Parasitic Helminths
   General Worm Morphology
   Life Cycles and Reproduction
   A Helminth Cycle: The Pinworm
   Helminth Classification and Identification
   Distribution and Importance of Pamsitic Worms
  SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 5.1
   The Extraordinary Emergence of Eucaryotic Cells
  SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 5.2
   The Many Faces of Fungi
  Chapter Capsule with Key Terms
  Multiple-Choice Questions
  Concept Questions
  Critical-Thinking Questions
  Internet Search Topics
 CHAPTER 6 An Introduction to the Viruses
  The Search for the Elusive Viruses
  The Position of Viruses in the Biological Spectrum
  The General Structureof Viruses
   Size Range
   Unique Viral Constituents: Capsids, Nucleic Acids, and Envelopes
  How Viruses Are Classified and Named
  Modes of Viral Multiplication
   The Multiplication Cycle in Bacteriophages
   Multiplication Cycles in Animal Viruses
  Techniques in Cultivating and Identifying Animal Viruses
   Using Live Animal Inoculation
   Using Bird Embryos
   Using Cell (Tissue) Culture Techniques
  Medical Importance of Viruses
   Other Noncellular Infectious Agents
   Detection and Control of Viral Infections
   Treatment of Animal Viral Infections
  MEDICAL MICROFILM 6.1
   A Positive View of Viruses
  hapter Capsule with Key Terms
  ultiple-Choice Questions 183
  oncept Questions
  ritical-Thinking Questions
  nternet Search Topics
 CHAPPTFR 7 Elements of Microbial Nutrition,Ecology, and Growth
  Microbial Nutrition
   Chemical Analysis of Microbial Cytoplasm
   Sources of Essential Nutrients
   How Microbes Feed: Nutritional Types
   Transport Mechanisms for Nutrient Absorption
  Environmental Factors That Influence Microbes
   Temperature Adaptations
   Gas Requirements
   Effects of pH
   Osmotic Pressure
   Miscellaneous Environmental Factors
   Ecological Associations Among Microorganisms
   Interrelationships Between Microbes and Humans
  The Study of Microbial Growth
   The Basis of Population Growth: Binary Fission
   The Rate of Population Growth
   The Population Growth Curve
   Stages in the Normal Growth Curve
   Other Methods of Analyzing Population Growth
  SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 7.1
   Life in the Extremes
  Q MICROBITS 7.2
   Dining with an Ameba
  Q MICROBITS 7.3
   Light-Driven Organic Synthesis
  SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 7.4
   Cashing in on "Hot" Microbes
  SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 7.5
   Life Together: Mumalism
  MICROBITS 7.6
   Steps in a Viable Plate Count-Batch Culture Method
  Chapter Capsule with Key Terms
  Multiple-Choice Questions
  Concept Questions
  Critical-Thinking Questions
  Internet Search Topics
 CHAPTER 8 Microbial Metabolism: The Chemical Crossroads of Life
  The Metabolism of Microbes
   Enzymes: Catalyzing the Chemical Reactions of Life
   Regulation of Enzymatic Activity and Metabolic Pathways
  The Pursuit and Utilization of Energy
   Cell Energetics
   A Closer Look at Biological Oxidation and Reduction
   Adenosine Triphosphate: Metabolic Money
  Pathways of Bioenergetics
   Catabolism: An Overview of Nutrient Breakdown and Energy Release
   Energy Strategies in Microorganisms
   Pymvic Acid-A Central Metabolite
   The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle-A Carbon and Energy Wheel
   The Respiratory Chain: Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation
   Summary of Aerobic Respimtion
   Anaerobic Respiration
   The Importance of Fermentation
  Biosynthesis and the Crossing Pathways of Metabolism
   The Frugality of the Cell-Waste Not, Want Not
  MICROBITS 8.1
   Enzymes as Biochemical Levers
  MICROBITS 8.2
   Unconventional Enzymes
  MICROBITS 8.3
   The Enzyme Name Game
  HISTORICAL HIGHLIGHTS 8.4
   Pasteur and the Wine-to-Vinegar Connection
  MICROBITS 8.5
   Fermentation and Biochemical Testing
  Chapter Capsule with Key Terms
  Multiple-Choice Questions
  Concept Questions
  Critical-Thinking Questions
  Internet Search Topics
 CHAPTER 9 Microbial Genetics
  Introduction to Genetics and Genes: Unlocking the Secrets of Heredity
   The Nature of the Genetic Material
   The DNA Code: A Simple Yet Profound Message
   The Significance of DNA Structure
   DNA Replication: Preserving the Code and Passing It On
  Applications of the DNA Code: Transcription and Translation
   The Gene-Protein Connection
   The Major Participants in Transcription and Translation
   Transcription: The First Stage of Gene Expression
   Translation: The Second Stage of Gene Expression
   Eucaryotic Transcription and Translation: Similar Yet Different
   The Genetics of Animal Viruses
  Genetic Regulation of Protein Synthesis and Metabolism
   The Lactose Operon: A Model for Inducible Gene Regulation in Bacteria
   A Repressible Operon
   Antibiotics That Affect Transcription and Translation
  Mutations: Changes in the Genetic Code
   Causes of Mutations
   Categories of Mutations
   Repair of Mutations
   The Ames Test
   Positive and Negative Effects of Mutations
  DNA Recombination Events
   Transmission of Genetic Material in Bacteria
  HISTORICAL HIGHLGHTS 9.1
   Deciphering the Structure of DNA 254
  MICROBITS 9.2
   The Packaging of DNA: Winding, Twisting, and Coiling
  MICROBITS 9.3
   Small RNAs: An Old Dog Shows Off Some New (?) Tricks
  Chapter Capsule with Key Terms
  Multiple-Choice Questions
  Concept Questions
  Critical-Thinking Questions
  Internet Search Topics
 CHAPTER10 Genetic Engineering:A Revolution in Molecular Biology
  Basic Elements and Applications of Genetic Engineering
  ��. Tools and Techniques of Genetic Engineering
   DNA: A. Amazing Molecule
  ��. Methods in Recombinant DNA Technology: How to Imitate Nature
   Technical Aspects of Recombinant DNA and Gene Cloning
   Construction of a Recombinant, Insertion into a Cloning Host, and Genetic Expression
  ��. Biochemical Products of Recombinant DNA Technology
  ��. Genetically Modified Organisms
   Recombinant Microbes: Modified Bacteria and Viruses
   Transgenic Plants: Improving Crops and Foods
   Transgenic Animals: Engineering Embryos
  ��. Genetic Treatments: Introducing DNA into the Body
   Gene Therapy
   Antisense and Triplex DNA Technology: Genetic Medicines
  ��. Genome Analysis: Maps, Fingerprints, and Family Trees
   Genome Mapping and Screening: An Atlas of the Genome
   DNA Fingerprinting: A Unique Picture of a Genome
  MICROBITS 10.1
   Okay, the Genome's Sequenced-What's Next?
  SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 10.2
   A Moment to Think
  MICROBITS 10.3
   Better Bioterrorism Through Biotechnology?
  Chapter Capsule with Key Terms
  Multiple-Choice Questions
  Concept Questions
  Critical-Thinking Questions
  Internet Search Topics
 CHAPTFR 11 Physical and Chemical Control of Microbes
  Controlling Microorganisms
   General Considerations in Microbial Control
   Relative Resistance of Microbial Forms
   Terminology and Methods of Microbial Control
   What Is Microbial Death?
   How Antimicrobial Agents Work: Their Modes of Action
  Methods of Physical Control
   Heat As an Agent of Microbial Control
   The Effects of Cold and Desiccation
   Radiation Asa Microbial Control Agent
   Sound Waves in Microbial Control
   Sterilization by Filtration: Techniques for Removing Microbes
  Chemical Agents in Microbial Control
   Choosing a Microbicidal Chemical
   Factors That Affect the Germicidal Activity of Chemicals
   Germicidal Categories According to Chemical Group
  HISTORICAL HIGHLIGHTS 11.1
   Microbial Control in Ancient Times
  SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 11.2
   Pathogen Paranoia: "The Only Good Microbe Is a Dead Microbe"
  HISTORICAL HIGHLIGHTS 11.3
   The Quest for Sterile Skin
  SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 11.4
   Decontaminating Congress
  Chapter Capsule with Key Terms
  Muldpie-Choice Questions
  Concept Questions
  Critical-Thinting Questions
  Intemet Search Topics
 CHAPTER12 Drugs, Microbes, Host-The Elements of Chemotherapy
  Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy
   The Origins of Antimicrobial Drugs
  Interactions Between Drug and Microbe
   Mechanisms of Drug Action
  Survey of Major Antimicrobial Drug Groups
   Antibacterial Drugs
   Synthetic Antibacterial Drugs
   Agents to Treat Fungal Infections
   Antiparasitic Chemotherapy
   Antiviral Chemotherapeutic Agents
   The Acquisition of Drug Resistance
  Characteristics of Host-Drug Reactions
   Toxicity to Organs
   Allergic Responses to Drugs
   Suppression and Alteration of the Microflom by Antimicrobics
  Considerations in Selecting an Antimicrobic Drug
   Identifying the Agent
   Testing for the Drug Susceptibility of Microorganisms
   The MIC and Therapeutic Index
   An Antimicrobic Drug Dilemma
  HISTORICAL HIGHLIGHTS 12.1
   From Witchcraft to Wonder Drugs
  MICROBITS 12.2
   A Modem Quest for Designer Drugs
  MICROBITS 12.3
   Household Remedies-From Apples to Zinc
  SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 12.4
   The Rise of Drug Resistance
  Chapter Capsule with Key Terms
  Multiple-Choice Questions
  Concept Questions
  Critical-Thinking Questions
  Internet Search Topics
 CHAPTER 13 Microbe-Human Interactions: Infection and Disease
  The Human Host
   Contact, Infection, Disease-A Continuum
   Resident Flora: The Human Asa Habitat
   Indigenous Flora of Specific Regions
  The Progress of an Infection
   The Portal of Entry: Gateway to Infection
   The Size of the Inoculum
   Mechanisms of Invasion and Establishment of the Pathogen
   Signs and Symptoms: Warning Signals of Disease
   The Portal of Exit: Vacating the Host
   The Persistence of Microbes and Pathologic Conditions
  Epidemiology: The Study of Disease in Populations
   Who, When, and Where? Tracking Disease in the Population
   Reservoirs: Where Pathogens Persist
   How and Why? The Acquisition and Transmission of InfectiousAgents
   Nosocomial Infections: The Hospital Asa Source of Disease
   Which Agent Is the Cause? Using Koch's Postulates to Determine Etiology
  MICROBITS 13.1
   Life Without Flom
  MEDICAL MICROFILE 13.2
   The Classic Stages of Clinical Infections
  MICROBITS 13.3
   A Quick Guide to the Terminology of Infection and Disease
  HISTORICAL HIGHLIGHTS 13.4
   The History of Human Guinea Pigs
  Chapter Capsule with Key Terms
  Multiple-Choice Questions
  Concept Questions
  Critical-Thinking Questions
  Internet Search Topics
 CHAPTER 14 The Nature of Host Defenses
  Defense Mechanisms of the Host in Perspective
   Barriers at the Portal of Entry: A First Line of Defense
  Introducing the Immune System
  Systems Involved in Immune Defenses
   The Communicating Body Compartments
  Nonspecific Immune Reactions of the Body's Compartments
   The Inflammatory Response: A Complex Concert of Reactions to Injury
   The Stages of Inflammation
   Phagocytes: The Ever-Present Busybodies of Inflammation and Specific Immunity
   Contributors to the Body's Chemical Immunity
  Specific Immunities: The Third and Final Line of Defense
  MEDICAL MICROPLLE 14.1
   When Inflammation Gets Out of Hand
  MEDICAL MICROPILE 14.2
   The Dynamics of Inflammatory Mediators
  MEDICAL MICROPILE 14.3
   Some Facts About Fever
  MICROBITS 14.4
   Haw Complement Works
  Chapter Capsule with Key Terms
  Multiple-Choice Quesfions
  Concept Questions
  Critical-Thinking Questions
  Internet Search Topics
 CHAPTER 15 The Acquisition of Specific Immunity and Its Applications
  Further Explorations into the Ilntrame System
  The Dual Nature of Specific Immune Responses
   ��.Development of the Dual Lymphocyte System
   ��.Entrance and Presentation of Antigens and Clonal Selection
   ��.Band ��. T Activation of Lymphocytes and Clonal Expansion
   ��.Products of B Lymphocytes: Antibody Structure and Functions
   ��.How T Cells Respond to Antigen: Cell-Mediated Immunity (CMI)
  Essential Preliminary Concepts for Understanding Immune Reactions of Sections ��-��
   Marken on Cell Surfaces Involved in Recognition of Self and Nonself
   The Origin of Diversity and Specificity in the Immune Response
  The Lymphocyte Response System in Depth
   ��.Development of the Dual Lymphocyte System: Stages in Origin,Differentiation, and Maturation
   ��.Entrance and Processing of Antigens and Clonal Selection
   ��.B Activation of B Lymphocytes: Clonal Expansion and Antibody Production
   ��.Products of B Lymphocytes: Antibody Structure and Functions
   ��.T Activation of T Lymphocytes and ��.How T Cells Respond to Antigen: Cell-Mediated Immunity (CMI)
   A Practical Scheme for Classifying Specific Immunities
  MEDICAL MICROPILE 15.1
   Monoclonal Antibodies: Variety Without Limit
  SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 15.2
   Lymphokines: Chemical Products of T Cells
  MEDICAL MICROFILE 15.3
   Breast Feeding: The Gift of Antibodies
  Chapter Capsule with Key Terms
  Multiple-Choice Questions
  Concept Questions
  Critical-Thinking Questions
  Internet Search Topics
 CHAPTER 16 Immunization and Immune Assays
  Practical Applications of Immunologic Function
   Immunization: Methods of Manipulating Immunity for Therapeutic Purposes
   Serological and Immune Tests: Measuring the Immune Response in Vitro
  HISTORICAL HIGHLIGHTS 16.1
   The Lively History of Active Immunization
  MEDICAL MICROFILE 16.2
   When Positive Is Negative: How to Interpret Serological Test Results
  Chapter Capsule with Key Terms
  Multiple-Choice Questions
  Concept Questions
  Critical-Thinking Questions
  Internet Search Topics
 CHAPTER 17 Disorders in Immunity
  The Immune Response: A Two-Sided Coin
  Overreactions to Antigens: Allergy/Hypersensitivity
  Type �� Allergic Reactions: Atopy and Anaphylaxis
   Epidemiology and Modes of Contact with Allergens
   The Nature of Allergens and Their Portals of Entry
   Mechanisms of Type I Allergy: Sensitization and Provocation
   Cytokines, Target Organs, and Allergic Symptoms
   Specific Diseases Associated with IgE- and Mast Cell-Mediated Allergy
   Anaphylaxis: An Overpowering Systemic Reaction
   Diagnosis of Allergy
   Treatment and Prevention of Allergy
  Type �� Hypersensitivities: Reactions That Lyse Foreign Cells
   Human Blood Types
   The Basis of Human ABO Antigens and Blood Types
   Antibodies Against A and B Antigens
   The Rh Factor and Its Clinical Importance
   Other RBCAntigens
  Type �� Hypersensitivities: Immune Complex Reactions
   Mechanisms of Immune Complex Disease
   Types of ]mmune Complex Disease
   An Inappropriate Response Against Self, or Autoimmuniry
  Type �� Hypersensitivities: Cell-Mediated (Delayed) Reactions
   Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity
   T Cells and Their Role in Organ Transplantation
  Immunodeficiency Diseases: Hyposensitivity of the Immune System
   Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases
   Secondary Immunodeficiency Diseases
  Cancer: Cells Out of Control
   Characteristics and Classification of Tlimors and Cancers
   The Function of the Immune System in Cancer
  MEDICAL MICROFILE 17.1
   Of What Value Is Allergy?
  MEDICAL MICROFILM 17.2
   Why Doesn't a Mother Reject Her Fetus?
   SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 17.3
   Pretty, Pesky, Poisonous Plants
  MEDICAL MICROFILE 17.4
   The Mechanics of Bone Marrow Transplantation
  SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 17.5
   Answer to the Bubble Boy Mystery
  SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 17.6
   Hot on the Trail of Cancer Clues
  Chapter Capsule with Key Terms
  Multiple-Choice Questions
  Concept Questions
  Critical-Thinking Questions
  Internet Search Topics
 Answers to Muloplo-Choice Questions and Selected Matching Qaestions
 Glossary
 Credits
 index