Front Matter
 Part State and Changes in Dryland East Asia
 1 State and Change of Dryland East Asia (DEA)
  1.1 Geography, Demography and Economics in DEA
  1.2 Climate and Land-Use Changes
  1.3 Ecosystem Production and Evapotranspiration
  1.4 Scientific and Societal Challenges for Adaptations in DEA
  References
 2 Dryland East Asia in Hemispheric Context
  2.1 Study Regions
  2.2 Change Analysis of Vegetated Land Surface
  2.3 Retrospective Trend Analysis Reveals Areas of Significant Change
  2.4 Vegetation Change in Three Epochs
  2.5 Land Cover Variation and Change
  2.6 Precipitation Variation and Change
  2.7 Conclusion
  References
 3 NEESPI and MAIRS Programs in Dryland East Asia
  3.1 Introduction
  3.2 Contrast and Comparison
   3.2.1 The Programs
   3.2.2 Research Approaches
   3.2.3 Organization Structure
   3.2.4 Major Research Activities
  3.3 Major Findings and Achievements
   3.3.1 Understanding Climate Change
   3.3.2 Understanding Societal Consequences
   3.3.3 Understanding Ecosystem Impacts
   3.3.4 Institutional Responses to Environmental Change
   3.3.5 Understanding Challenges
  3.4 Conclusions
  References
 4 Land Use and Land Cover Change in Dryland East Asia
  4.1 Introduction
  4.2 Global Land Use Changes through Centuries
  4.3 Long-Term Changes in Cropland and Pastureland in DEA
  4.4 Recent Changes in Asian Drylands
   4.4.1 Rangeland Degradation and Desertification and Increased Cropland
   4.4.2 Grassland Recovery
   4.4.3 Reforestation/Afforestation
  4.5 Sahel Land Use Change
  References
 5 Urban Expansion and Environment Change in Dryland East Asia
  5.1 Introduction
  5.2 Study Area, Data, and Methodology
   5.2.1 Study Area
   5.2.2 Data and Methodology
  5.3 Findings
   5.3.1 Urban Expansion
   5.3.2 Environment Impact
  5.4 Case of ¨Ur¨umqi
   5.4.1 Spatio-Temporal Change in ¨Ur¨umqi
   5.4.2 Environment Challenges of ¨Ur¨umqi
  5.5 Discussion
   5.5.1 Characteristics of Urbanization in Arid Regions
   5.5.2 Socio-Economic Factors Driving Urbanization
  5.6 Conclusions
  References
 6 Ecosystem Carbon Cycle under Changing Atmosphere, Climate and Land Use in Dryland East Asia
  6.1 Introduction
  6.2 Simulated Ecosystem Carbon Patterns in DEA
  6.3 Responses of Ecosystem Carbon Cycling to Atmospheric Change
   6.3.1 CO2 Enrichment
   6.3.2 Nitrogen Deposition and Its Impact on DEA Ecosystems
  6.4 Responses of Ecosystem Carbon Cycling to Climate Change
   6.4.1 Responses to Precipitation Changes
   6.4.2 Responses to Temperature Changes
  6.5 Responses of Ecosystem Carbon Cycling to Land Use and Land Cover Changes
  6.6 Interactions among Environmental Changes
   6.6.1 Limitation of Nitrogen Availability on CO2 Impacts
   6.6.2 Dependence of Nitrogen Effects on Water Status(Precipitation Regimes)
   6.6.3 Interaction between Temperature (Warming) and Water Availability (Precipitation)
   6.6.4 Relationship and Interactions between Land Use and Climate Changes on Ecosystem Carbon Cycling
  6.7 Carbon Sequestration Potential and Human Adaption to Climate Change
  References
 7 Dynamics of Vegetation Productivity in Dryland East Asia from 1982 to 2010
  7.1 Introduction
  7.2 Data and Methods
   7.2.1 AVHRR NDVI
   7.2.2 MODIS NDVI
   7.2.3 Land Cover Map
   7.2.4 MERRA Reanalysis Data
   7.2.5 Agricultural Statistics
   7.2.6 Statistical Analysis
  7.3 Results and Discussion
   7.3.1 Trends of Spatially-Averaged NDVI
   7.3.2 Spatial Patterns of NDVI Trends
   7.3.3 Climatic Drivers
   7.3.4 Other Drivers
  7.4 Conclusions
  References
 Summary : Contexts of Change
 Part Consequences
 8 Impacts of Global Change on Water Resources in Dryland East Asia
  8.1 Introduction
  8.2 Key Water Resource Challenges
   8.2.1 Distribution ofWater Balances across DEA and Historical Changes
   8.2.2 Land Use/Land Cover Change
   8.2.3 Agricultural Irrigation and Industrialization
   8.2.4 Climate Change
  8.3 Water Resources under Environmental Changes: Case Studies
   8.3.1 Loess Plateau
   8.3.2 Impacts of Future Climate Change on Runoff across DEA
  8.4 Conclusions
  References
 9 Examining Changes in Land Cover and Land Use,Regional Climate and Dust in Dryland East Asia and Their Linkages within the Earth System
  9.1 Introduction
  9.2 Assessment of Decadal Dust Emission Based on Historical LCLU,Regional Climate and the Regional Coupled Dust Modeling System WRF-Chem-DuMo
  9.3 Observation-based Dust Climatology and Its Relationship to LCLU and Regional Climate
  9.4 A Satellite Perspective on the Last Decade
  9.5 Impacts of Dust on Human-Environment-Climate Systems
  References
 10 Biophysical Regulations of Grassland Ecosystem Carbon and Water Fluxes in DEA
  10.1 Brief Introduction of Abiotic and Biotic Factors in Relation to Carbon and Water Fluxes in DEA
  10.2 Biophysical Regulations of Carbon Fluxes between Grazed and Ungrazed Grasslands
   10.2.1 Responses of Daytime Net Ecosystem Exchange to Biotic/Abiotic Factors
   10.2.2 Response of Nighttime NEE (Re) to T and SWC
  10.3 Ecosystem Carbon Fluxes between Grassland and Cultivated Cropland
   10.3.1 Responses of Daytime NEE to Biotic/Abiotic Factors
   10.3.2 Response of Nighttime NEE (Re) to T and SWC
  10.4 Biophysical Regulations of Water and Energy Fluxes
   10.4.1 Energy Partitioning and Its Response to Abiotic/Biotic Factors
   10.4.2 EcosystemWater and Energy Fluxes between Grazed and Ungrazed Grasslands and between Grassland and Cultivated Cropland
  References
 11 Afforestation and Forests at the Dryland Edges:Lessons Learned and Future Outlooks
  11.1 Introduction
  11.2 Vegetation Zonation and Climate
  11.3 Climate Forcing Effect of Forests: Ambiguous Conditions at the Dryland Edges
   11.3.1 Low Elevation Xeric Limits: Vulnerable Forest-Grassland Transition
   11.3.2 Management of Forests—Plantations vs. Close to Nature Ecosystems
  11.4 Effects of Forest Management on Forest Hydrological Balances in Dry Regions: A Comparison of China and the United States
   11.4.1 China
   11.4.2 United States
  11.5 Past and Future of Forest Policy in Dryland Regions of China
   11.5.1 Causes and Consequences of Expanding Desertification
   11.5.2 Shelterbelt Development and Sand Control Programs in China
   11.5.3 Debates and Critics about the Achievements of the Past Programs
   11.5.4 Lessons Learned from Past
  11.6 Conclusions
  References
 12 Human Impact and Land Degradation in Mongolia
  12.1 Introduction
  12.2 Land Degradation Overview
   12.2.1 Mining Land Degradation
   12.2.2 Land Degradation by Road
   12.2.3 Pastureland Degradation and Desertification
   12.2.4 Soil Erosion of Arable Land
   12.2.5 Deforestation
   12.2.6 Soil Pollution
  12.3 Use of Fallout Radionuclide Methods for Soil Erosion Study
  12.4 Conclusions
  References
 13 The Effect of Large-Scale Conservation Programs on the Vegetative Development of China’s Loess Plateau
  13.1 Introduction
  13.2 Conservation Programs
  13.3 Study Region
   13.3.1 Loess Plateau
   13.3.2 Subset for Fine Scale Analysis
  13.4 Data
   13.4.1 MODIS Data
   13.4.2 Landsat Data
   13.4.3 Grazing Statistics
   13.4.4 Anthromes
  13.5 Methods
  13.6 Results and Discussion
   13.6.1 Vegetation Index and Albedo Changes
   13.6.2 500 m NDVI Changes
   13.6.3 Grazing Intensity Change
  13.7 Conclusions
  References
 Summary : Consequences
 Part Solutions/Adaptations
 14 Monitoring and Assessment of Dryland Ecosystems with Remote Sensing
  14.1 Problems of Land Degradation and Desertification in Drylands: Current Challenges and Perspectives
  14.2 Indicators of Land Degradation/Desertification and Their Detection by Remote Sensing
   14.2.1 History of Degradation/Desertification Indicator Development in Recent Decades
   14.2.2 Retrieving Biophysical Spectral Information with Remote Sensing for DLDD
   14.2.3 Bio-physiological Indexes for Assessment and Monitoring
  14.3 Review of Available Sensors and Data over DEA and Their Suitability for Detecting Desertification Indicators
   14.3.1 Short Outlook on Future Satellite Sensors over DEA
  14.4 Remote Sensing Approach for Desertification Assessment in Central Asia: History, Current Research, andPerspectives—A Case Study
  14.5 Conclusions
  References
 15 The Effects of Spatial Resolution on Vegetation Area Estimates in the Lower Tarim River Basin, Northwestern China
  15.1 Introduction
  15.2 Study Area
  15.3 Methodology
  15.4 Results and Discussion
  15.5 Conclusions
  References
 16 New Ecology Education: Preparing Students for the Complex Human- Environmental Problems of Dryland East Asia
  16.1 Introduction
  16.2 Description of New Ecology Education
   16.2.1 Topic 1: What’s Going On? (Conceptual Models)
   16.2.2 Topic 2: Life Is So Confusing! (Nonlinearity)
   16.2.3 Topic 3: Everything Is Connected to Everything Else(Systems Thinking)
   16.2.4 Topic 4: Climbing Up-and-Down the Complexity Ladder(Hierarchy Theory)
   16.2.5 Topic 5: What Does It Take to Change This System?(Resilience)
   16.2.6 Topic 6: Coping with Land Degradation in Drylands(Ecosystem Services)
   16.2.7 Topic 7: Unraveling the Complexity of Coupled H-E Systems and Desertification (The Drylands Development Paradigm)
   16.2.8 Topic 8: Where Art, Science, and Craft Meet(Ostrom’s Framework)
  16.3 Conclusions
  References
 17 Grassland Degradation and Restoration in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China from the 1950s to 2000s: Population, Policies and Profits
  17.1 Introduction
  17.2 Population and Urbanization in IM
   17.2.1 Population Evolution
   17.2.2 Population and Over-Grazing
   17.2.3 Urbanization and Restoration
  17.3 Policy, Laws and Regulation for Grassland
  17.4 From Production to Profits
   17.4.1 Animal Husbandry
   17.4.2 Tourism Development
   17.4.3 Environmental Service
  17.5 Conclusions
  References
 18 Sustainable Governance of the Mongolian Grasslands:Comparing Ecological and Social-Institutional Changes in the Context of Climate Change in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
  18.1 Introduction
  18.2 Explanatory Models of Grassland Dynamics
  18.3 Analyses and Results
   18.3.1 Collectivization of Pastures and Livestock
   18.3.2 Privatization and Market Incentives
   18.3.3 Recentralization of Grassland Management in IM, China
   18.3.4 Changing Roles of the State, Market and Community for Grassland Management
   18.3.5 Climate Variability and Change: History and Future
  18.4 Discussion
  18.5 Conclusions
  References
 19 Adaptive Management of Grazing Lands
  19.1 Introduction
  19.2 Distribution of Grazing Lands and Problems
  19.3 Case Study and Adaptive Management in IM
   19.3.1 Study Site
   19.3.2 The ACIAR-Model
   19.3.3 Typical Farm
   19.3.4 Economic Stocking Rate
   19.3.5 Improved Feeding of Livestock during Winter and Spring
   19.3.6 Changing Lambing Time
   19.3.7 Use of Warm Sheds during Cold Seasons
  19.4 Conclusions and Discussion
  References
 Summary : Solutions and Adaptations
 Index
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