Introduction
4 Less Common Nonferrous Metals
　4.1 Alkali Metals
　　4.1.1 Lithium
　　4.1.1.1 Description and General Properties
　　4.1.1.2 History
　　4.1.1.3 Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores
　　4.1.1.4 Processing and Industrial Preparation
　　4.1.1.5 Industrial Applications and Uses
　　4.1.1.6 Lithium Mineral and Chemical Prices
　　4.1.1.7 Lithium Mineral, Carbonate, and Metal Producers
　　4.1.1.8 Further Reading
　　4.1.2 Sodium
　　4.1.2.1 Description and General Properties
　　4.1.2.2 History
　　4.1.2.3 Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores
　　4.1.2.4 Processing and Industrial Preparation
　　4.1.2.5 Industrial Applications and Uses
　　4.1.2.6 Transport, Storage, and Safety
　　4.1.2.7 Major Producers of Sodium Metal
　　4.1.2.8 Further Reading
　　4.1.3 Potassium
　　4.1.3.1 Description and General Properties
　　4.1.3.2 History
　　4.1.3.3 Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores
　　4.1.3.4 Processing and Industrial Preparation
　　4.1.3.5 Industrial Applications and Uses
　　4.1.3.6 Further Reading
　　4.1.4 Rubidium
　　4.1.4.1 Description and General Properties
　　4.1.4.2 Histor~r
　　4.1.4.3 Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores
　　4.1.4.4 Processing and Industrial Preparation
　　4.1.4.5 Industrial Applications and Uses
　　4.1.4.6 Major Rubidium Producers
　　4.1.4.7 Further Reading
　　4.1.5 Cesium
　　4.1.5.1 Description and General Properties
　　4.1.5.2 History
　　4.1.5.3 Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores
　　4.1.5.4 Processing and Industrial Preparation
　　4.1.5.5 Industrial Applications and Uses
　　4.1.5.6 Cesium Metal Producers
　　4.1.5.7 Further Reading
　　4.1.6 Francium
　4.2 Alkaline-Earth Metals
　　4.2.1 Beryllium
　　4.2.1.1 Description and General Properties
　　4.2.1.2 History
　　4.2.1.3 Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores
　　4.2.1.4 Mining and Mineral Dressing
　　4.2.1.5 Processing and Industrial Preparation
　　4.2.1.6 Industrial Applications and Uses
　　4.2.1.7 Major Beryllium Metal Producers
　　4.2.1.8 Further Reading
　　4.2.2 Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys
　　4.2.2.1 Description and General Properties
　　4.2.2.2 History
　　4.2.2.3 Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores
　　4.2.2.4 Processing and Industrial Preparation
　　4.2.2.5 Properties of Magnesium Alloys
　　4.2.2.6 Industrial Applications and Uses
　　4.2.2.7 Recycling of Magnesium Scrap and Drosses
　　4.2.2.8 Major Magnesium Metal Producers
　　4.2.2.9 Further Reading
　　4.2.3 Calcium
　　4.2.3.1 Description and General Properties
　　4.2.3.2 History
　　4.2.3.3 Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores
　　4.2.3.4 Processing and Industrial Preparation
　　4.2.3.5 Industrial Applications and Uses
　　4.2.3.6 Calcium Metal Producers
　　4.2.3.7 Further Reading
　　4.2.4 Strontium
　　4.2.4.1 Description and General Properties
　　4.2.4.2 History
　　4.2.4.2 Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores
　　4.2.4.3 Processing and Industrial Preparation
　　4.2.4.4 Industrial Applications and Uses
　　4.2.5 Barium
　　4.2.5.1 Description and General Properties
　　4.2.5.2 History
　　4.2.5.2 Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores
　　4.2.5.3 Processing and Industrial Preparation
　　4.2.5.4 Industrial Applications and Uses
　　4.2.6 Radium
　　4.2.6.1 Description and General Properties
　　4.2.6.2 History
　　4.2.6.3 Natural Occurrence
　　4.2.6.4 Processing and Industrial Preparation
　　4.2.6.5 Industrial Applications and Uses
　4.3 Refractory Metals
　　4.3.1 General Overview
　　4.3.1.1 Common Properties
　　4.3.1.2 Corrosion Resistance
　　4.3.1.3 Cleaning, Descaling, Pickling, and Etching
　　4.3.1.4 Machining of Pure Reactive and Refractory Metals
　　4.3.1.5 Pyrophoricity of Refractory Metals
　　4.3.2 Titanium and Titanium Alloys
　　4.3.2.1 Description and General Properties
　　4.3.2.2 History
　　4