CHAPTER 1 Error Theory and Data Processing ·········································································1__eol__1.1 Measurement ······················································································································1__eol__1.1.1 Measurement Concept ·····························································································1__eol__1.1.2 Classification of Measurement·················································································1__eol__1.2 Theory of Error···················································································································2__eol__1.2.1 Error Definition and Expression ··············································································2__eol__1.2.2 Classification of Errors ····························································································4__eol__1.2.3 The Processing of Random Error ·············································································5__eol__1.2.4 Evaluation of Measurement Result ··········································································8__eol__1.3 Significant Digits ················································································································9__eol__1.3.1 Definition of Significant Digits·············································································· 10__eol__1.3.2 Rules for the Operation of Significant Digits ························································· 11__eol__1.4 The Evaluation of Measurement Results—Uncertainty····················································· 14__eol__1.4.1 Definition of Uncertainty ······················································································· 14__eol__1.4.2 The Uncertainty Calculation of Direct Measurement ············································· 15__eol__1.4.3 Comprehensive Synthesis of Indirect Measurement Result ···································· 17__eol__1.4.4 Expression of Measurement Result ········································································ 17__eol__1.5 Data Processing ················································································································ 19__eol__1.5.1 Tabulation Method································································································· 19__eol__1.5.2 Graphic Method····································································································· 20__eol__1.5.3 Successive Differential Method ············································································· 23__eol__1.5.4 Least Squares Method···························································································· 24__eol__EXERCISE································································································································ 26__eol__CHAPTER 2 Instruments and Accessories ················································································· 28__eol__2.1 Measurement of Basic Physical Quantities ······································································· 28__eol__2.1.1 Basic Mechanical Instruments ··············································································· 28__eol__2.1.2 Electromagnetic Instruments·················································································· 33__eol__2.2 Basic Adjustment and Operation Techniques ···································································· 38__eol__2.2.1 Initial State of the Instruments ··············································································· 38__eol__2.2.2 Zero Adjustment ···································································································· 39__eol__2.2.3 Horizontal and Vertical Adjustment ······································································· 39__eol__2.2.4 Coaxial Adjustment ··································