PART Ⅰ
 HUMANS AND SUSTAINABILITY:
 AN OVERVIEW
  1 Environmental Problems,Their Causes, and Sustainability
   Living in an Exponential Age
   1-1 Living More Sustainably
   Spotlight: Cast of Players in the Environmental Drama
   Guest Essay: Natural Capital by Paul wken
   1-2 Population Growth, Economic Growth,
   Environmentally Sustainable Development,and GlobalizAtion
   Spotlight: Current Exponential Growth of the Human Population
   Connections: Some Harmful Environmental Effects of Poverty
   1-3 Resources
   Connections: Free-Access Resources and the Tragedy of the Commons
   Connections: Lessons from China
   1-4 Pollution
   1-5 Environmental Problems: Causes and Connections
   1-6 Is Our Present Course Sustainable?
   Solutions: Some Guidelines for Working with the Earth
  2 Environmental History:An Overview Near Extinction of the American Bison
   2-1 Cultural Changes and the Environment
   Connections: Consequences of the Agricultural Revolution
   Connections: Consequences of Advanced Industrial Societies
   2-2 Environmental History of the United States:The Tribal and Frontier Eras
   2-3 Environmental History of the United States:
   The Early Conservation Era (1832-1960)
   Individuals Matter: Alice Hamilton
   Spotlight: Horn Should Public Land Resources Be Used? Preservationists vs. Conservationists
   2-4 Environmental History of the United States:
   The Environmental Era (1960-2002)
   Individuals Matter: Rachel Carson
   2-5 Case Study: Aldo Leopold and His Land Ethic
 PART Ⅱ SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS
  3 Science, Systems, Matter, and Energy
   Two Islands: Can We Treat This One Better?
   3-1 Science and Critical Thinking
   Guest Essay: Critical Thinking and Environmental
   Studies by Jane Heinze-Fry
   Connections: What Is Harming the
   Robins?
   3-2 Models and Behavior of Systems
   3-3 Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality
   3-4 Energy: Forms and Quality
   3-5 Phvsical and Chemical Chanees ana me taw of c-onservation of Matter
   Spotlight: Keeping Track of Atoms
   3-6 Nuclear Changes
   3-7 Two Laws Governing Energy Changes
   3-8 Connections: Matter and Energy Change Laws and Environmental Problems
  4 Ecosystems: Components,Energy Flow, and Matter Cycling
   Have You Thanked the Insects Today?
   4-1 The Nature of Ecology
   Connections: Microbes: The Invisible Rulers of the Earth
   4-2 The Earth's Life-Support Systems
   4-3 Ecosystem Concepts and Components
   4-4 Connections: Food Webs and Energy Flow in Ecosystems
   4-5 Primary Productivity of Ecosystems
   4-6 Connections: Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
   Case Study: Effects of Deforestation on Nutrient Cycling
   4-7 How Do Ecologists Learn About Ecosystems?
   4-8 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
  5 Evolution and Biodiversity:
   Origins,Niches,and Adaptation
   Earth: The just-Right, Resilient Planet
   5-1 Origins of Life
   Spotlight: How Did Life First Evolve?
   5-2 Evolution and Adaptation
   Spotlight: What Is Artificial Selection?
   5-3 Ecological Niches and Adaptation
   Spotlight: Cockroaches: Nature's Ultimate Survivors
   5-4 Speciation, Extinction, and Biodiversity
   Guest Essay: The Future of Evolution by Norman Myers
  6 Biogeography: Weather,Climate, Biomes, and Terrestrial Biodiversity
   Connections: Blowing in the Wind
   6-1 Weather: A Brief Introduction
   6-2 Climate: A Brief Introduction
   6-3 Biomes: Climate and Life on Land
   6-4 Desert Biomes
   6-5 Grassland, Tundra, and Chaparral Biomes
   6-6 Forest Biomes
   6-7 Mountain Biomes
   6-8 Lessons from Geographic Ecology
  7 Aquatic Ecology: Biodiversity in Aquatic Systems
   Why Should We Care About Coral Reefs?
   7-1 Aquatic Environments:Types, Components,and Limiting Factors
   Spotlight: Biofiltration
   7-2 Saltwater Life Zones
   Connections: Coral Partners May Enhance Reef Survival
   7-3 Freshwater Life Zones
   7-4 Sustainabihty of Aquatic Life Zones
  8 Community Ecology: Structure,
   Species Interactions, Succession,and Sustainability
   Flying Foxes: Keystone Species in Tropical Forests
   8-1 Community Structure: Appearance and Species Diversity
   8-2 General Types of Species
   Connections: Why Are Amphibians Vanishing?
   Connections: Why Should We Care About Alligators?
   8-3 Species Interactions: Competition and Predation
   Case Study: Why Are Sharks Important Species?
   8-4 Symbiotic Species Interactions: Parasitism,Mutualism, and Commensalism
   8-5 Ecological Succession: Communities in Transition
   8-6 Ecological Stability and Sustainability
  9 Population Dynamics, Carrying
   Capacity, and Conservation Biology
   Sea Otters: Are They Back from the Brink of Extinction?
   9-1 Population Dynamics and Carrying Capacity
   9-2 The Role of Predation in Controlling Population Size
   Case Study: Wolf and Moose Interactions on Isle Royale
   9-3 Reproductive Patterns and Survival
   9-4 Conservation Biology: Sustaining Wildlife Populations
   9-5 Human Impacts on Ecosystems: Learrung from Nature
   Connections: Ecological Surprises
   Solutions: Principles of Sustarnability: Learning from Nature
  10 Geology: Processes, Hazards,and Soils
   The Mount St. Helens Eruption
   10-1 Geologic Processes
   10-2 Internal and External Earth Processes
   10-3 Minerals, Rocks, and the Rock Cycle
   10-4 Natural Hazards: Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions
   10-5 Soil Resources: Formation and Types
   10-6 Soil Erosion and Degradation
   Case Study: The Dust Bowl
   10-7 Solutions: Soil Conservation
   Case Study: Slowing Soil Erosion in the United
  11 Risk, Toxicology, and Human Health
   The Big Killer
   11-1 Risk, Probability, and Hazards
   11-2 Toxicology
   11-3 Chemical Hazards
   Connections: Are Hormonally Active Chemicals a Health Threat?
   11-4 Biological Hazards: Disease in Developed and Developing Countries
   Spotlight: Are We Losing Ground in Our War
  Against Infectious Bacteria?
  Case Study: The Global Tuberculosis Epidemic
  Solutions: Producing an Edible Hepatitis B Vaccine
  Solutions: Improving Heqlth Care in Developing Countries
  11-5 Risk Analysis
 PART Ⅲ
  POPULATION, RESOURCES,AND SUSTAINABILITY
  12 The Human Population:
   Growth, Demography,and Carrying Capacity
   Slowing Population Growth to Thailand
   12-1 Factors Affecting Human Population Size
   12-2 Population Age Structure
   12-3 Solutions: Influencing Population Size
   Case Study: Immigration in the United States
   Guest Essay: Moral Implications of Cultural Carrying Capacity by Garrett Hardin
   12-4 Case Studies: Slowing Population Growth in India and China
   12-5 Cutting Global Population Growth
  13 Food Resources
   Perennial Crops on the Kansas Prairie
   13-1 How Is Food Produced?
   13-2 Producing Food by Green-Revolution and Traditional Techniques
   13-3 Food Production, Nutrition, and Environmental Effects
   Solutions: Saving Children
   Case Study: Can China's Population Be Fed?
   13-4 Increasing World Crop Production
   Spo tlight: Shrinking the World's Genetic Plant Library
   13-5 Producing More Meat
   Con nections: Some Environmental Consequences of Meat Production
   Spo tlight: Endangered Riparian Zones
   13-6 Catching and Raising More Fish
   Con nections: Commercial Fishing and the Tragedy of the Commons
   13-7 Government Agricultural Policy
   13-8 Solutions: Sustainable Agriculture
  14 Water Resources
   Wat er and Grain Import Wars in the Middle East
   14-1 Water's Importance and Unique Properties
   14-2 Supply, Renewal, and Use of Water Resources
   14-3 Too Little Water
   14-4 Using Dams and Reservoirs to Supply More Water
   Cas e Study: Egypt's Aswan High Dam: Blessing or Disaster?
   Cas e Study: The Colorado River Basin
   14-5 Transferring Water from One Place to Another
   Cas e Study: The Aral Sea Water Transfer Disaster
   14-6 Tapping Groundwater, Converting Salt Water to Fresh Water, Seeding Clouds, and Towing Icebergs
   Cas e Study: Mining Groundwater: The Shrinking Ogallala Aquifer
   14-7 Using Water More Efficiently
   Spo tlight: Water Rights in the United States
   Sol utions: The Promise of Drip Irrigation
   Spo tlight: Running Short of Water in Las Vegas,Nevada
   14-8 Too Much Water
   Con nections: Living Dangerouslyon Floodplains in Bangladesh
   14-9 Solutions: Achieving a More Sustainable Water Future
  15 Geologic Resources:
   Non renewable Mineral and Energy Resources
   Bitter Lessons from Chernobyl
   15-1 Nature and Formation of Mineral Resources
   15-2 Finding and Removing Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
   15-3 Environmental Effects of Extracting, Processing,and Using Mineral Resources
   Cas e Study: Some Environmental Effects Of Gold Mining
   Pro / Con: Controversy Over the General Mining Law of 1872
   15- Supplies of Mineral Resources
   Solutions: Mining with Microbes
   15-5 Evaluating Energy Resources
   15-6 Oil
   Spo tlight: A Brief History of Oil
   Pro /Con: Should Oil and Gas Development
   Be Allowed in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge?
   15-7 Natural Gas
   15-8 Coal
   15-9 Nuclear Energy
   Cas e Study: How Safe Are Radioactive Wastes Stored at Nuclear Power Plants?
   Cas e Study: Underground Storage of Nigh-Level Radioactive Wastes in the United States
  16 Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
   The Coming Energy-Efficiency and Renewable-Energy Revolution
   16-1 The Importance of Improving Energy Efficiency
   Gue st Essay: Technology Is the Answer
   (Bu t What Was the Question?) by Amory vins
   16-2 Ways to Improve Energy Efficiency
   Con nections: The Real Cost of Gasoline in the United States
   Gue st Essay: Living Lightly on the Earth at Round Mountain Organics by Nancy Wicks
   Con nections: Using the Internet to Save Energy and Paper and Reduce Global Warming
   16-3 Using Solar Energy to Provide Heat and Electricity
   16-4 Producing Electricity from Moving Water and from Heat Stored in Water
   16-5 Producing Electricity from Wind
   16-6 Producing Energy from Biomass
   16-7 The Solar-Hydrogen Revolution
   Spo tlight: Producing Hydrogen from Green Algae Found in Pond Scum
   16-8 Geothermal Energy
   16-9 Entering the Age of Decentralized Micropower
   16-10 Solutions: A Sustainable Energy Strategy
 PART Ⅳ ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND POLLUTION
  17 Air and Air Pollution
   Whe n Is a Lichen Like a Canary?
   17-1 The Atmosphere
   17-2 Outdoor Air Pollution
   Spo tlight: Air Pollution in the Past: The Bad Old Days
   17-3 Photochemical and Industrial Smog
   17-4 Regional Outdoor Air Pollution from Acid Deposition
   17-5 Indoor Air Pollution
   17-6 Effects of Air Pollution on Living Organisms and Materials
   Spo tlight: Health Dangers from Fine Particles
   17-7 Solutions: Preventing and Reducing Air Pollution
  18 Climate Change and Ozone Loss
   A.D . 2060: Green Times on Planet Earth
   18-1 Past Climate Change and the Natural Greenhouse Effect
   18-2 Climate Change and Human Activities
   18-3 Projecting Future Changes in the Earth's Climate
   Spo tlight: How Do Climate Models Work?
   18-4 Factors Affecting Changes in the Earth's Average Temperature
   18-5 Some Possible Effects of a Warmer World
   Con nections: Global Warming, Kirtland's Warblers,and Adelie Penguins
   18-6 Solutions: Dealing with the Threat of Climate Change
   Sol utions: Energy Efficiency to the Rescue
   Sol utions: Organic Farming and No-Till Cultivation to the Rescue
   18-7 What Is Being Done to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions?
   18-8 Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere 472
   Con nections: The Cancer You Are Most Likely to Get
   18-9 Solutions: Protecting the Ozone Layer 476
   Ind ividuals Matter: Ray Turner and His Refrigerator
  19 Water Pollution
   Lea rning Nature's Ways to Purify Sewage
   19-1 Types, Effects, and Sources of Water Pollution
   Cas e Study: Hurricanes, Hog Farms, and Water Pollution in Eastern North Carolina
   19-2 Pollution of Freshwater Streams
   Ind ividuals Matter: Tracking Down the Pfiesteria Cell from Hell
   19-3 Pollution of Freshwater Lakes
   19-4 Groundwater Pollution and Its Prevention
   Spo tlight: How Much Arsenic Should We Allow in Drinking Water?
   19-5 Ocean Pollution
   Cas e Study: The Baltic Sea
   Sol utions: Bring Back the Oysters
   19-6 Solutions: Preventing and Reducing Surface Water Pollution
   Sol utions: Using Wetlands to Treat Sewage
   19-7 Drinking Water Quality
   Ind ividuals Matter: Using UV Light, Horseradish,and Slimes to Pur如Water
  20 Pesticides and Pest Con trol Alo ng Came a Spider
   20-1 Pesticides: Types and Uses
   20-2 The Case for Pesticides
   20-3 The Case Against Pesticides
   Spo tlight: How Effective Have Pesticides Been in Reducing Crop Losses?
   20-4 Pesticide Regulation in the United States
   Con nections: What Goes Around Can Come Around
   20-5 Other Ways to Control Pests
   21 Solid and Hazardous Waste
   The re Is No "Away": Love Canal
   21-1 Wasting Resources
   Cas e Study: Mining and Smelting Waste in Montana
   Cas e Study: A Black Day in Bhopal
   21-2 Producing Less Waste and Pollution
   Gue st Essay: We Have Been Asking the Wrong Ouestions About Wastes by Lnic Marie GibbS
   Sol utions: Doing More with Less: Increasing Services insteaa of t Things
   Ind ividuals Matter: Ray Anderson
   Gue st Essay: Cleaner Production: A New
   Env ironmentalism for the 21st Century by Peter Montague
   21-4 Reuse
   Sol utions: What Kind of Grocery Bags Should We Use?
   21-5 Recycling
   Sol utions: Using Composting to Recycle Biodegradable Wastes
   Cas e Study: Recycling, Reuse, and Waste Reduction in Germany
   21-6 Case Studies: Recycling Wastepaper and Plastics
   21-7 Detoxifying, Burning, Burying, and Exporting Wastes
   Ind ividuals Matter: Using Landfill Methane to Heat a School
   21-8 Case Studies: Lead, Mercury, Chlorine, and Dioxins
   21-9 Hazardous-Waste Regulation in the United States
   Spo tlight: Using Honeybees to Detect Toxic Pollutants
   Sol utions: How Can the Superfund Law Be Improved?
   21-10 Solutions: Achieving a Low-Waste Society
 PART Ⅴ
  SUS TAINING BIODIVERSITY AND CITIES
  22 Sustaining Wild Species
   The Passenger Pigeon: Gone Forever
   22-1 Human Impacts on Biodiversity
   22-2 Species Extinction
   Cas e Study: Bats Are Getting a Bad Rap
   22-3 Why Should We Care About Biodiversity?
   Spo tlight: What Is the Economic Value of the Earth's Ecological Services?
   Con nections: Biophilia
   22-4 Extinction Threats from Habitat Loss and Degradation
   Cas e Study: The Plight of Migrating Birds
   22-5 Extinction Threats from Nonnative Species
   Con nections: Deliberate Introduction of the Kudzu Vine
   Cas e Study: The Termite from Hell
   Ind ividuals Matter: Killing Invader Species and Saving Shipping Companies Money
   22-6 Extinction Threats from Hunting and Poaching
   22-7 Other Extinction Threats
   22-8 Protecting Wild Species from Depletion and Extinction: The Research and Legal Approach
   Spo tlight: Accomplishments of the Endangered Species Act
   22-9 Protecting Wild Species from Depletion and Extinction: The Sanctuary Approach
   22-10 Wildlife Management
   Con nections: What Should Be Done About Snore Geese?
  23 Sustaining Terrestrial
   Bio diversity: The Ecosystem Approach
   Who Is Afraid o f the Big Gray Wolf?
   23-1 Land Use in the World and the United States
   Ind ividuals Matter: The Eco-Rancher
   23-2 Managing and Sustaining Forests
   Sol utions: Certifying Sustainably Grown Timber
   23-3 Forest Resources and Management in the United States
   23-4 Tropical Deforestation and the Fuelwood Crisis
   Sol utions: The Incredible Neem Tree
   Con nections: The Downward Spiral of Tropical Forest Degradation
   Sol utions: Sustainable Agriculture and Forestry Tropical Forests
   Ind ividuals Matter: Kenya's Green Belt Movement
   Ind ividuals Matter: New Stoves Help Save India's
   For ests and Improve Women's Health
   23-5 Managing and Sustaining National Parks
   23-6 Establishing, Designing, and Managing Nature Reserves
   Sol utions: Parks in Costa Rica
   Sol utions: The Nature Conservancy
   Sol utions: Biosphere Reserves
   Cas e Study: The U.S. National Wilderness Preservation System
   23-7 Ecological Restoration
   Ind ividuals Matter: Ecological Restoration of a Tropical Dry Forest in Costa Rica
  24 Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity
   Con nections: Can Lake Victoria Be Saved?
   24-1 The Importance of Aquahc Biodiversity
   24-2 Human Impacts on Aquatic Biodiversity
   Spo tlight: Invasion of Wetlands by Purple Loosestrife
   24-3 Protecting and Sustaining Marine Biodiversity
   Cas e Study: Near Extinction of the Blue Whale
   24-4 Managing and Sustaining the World's Marine Fisheries
   Spo tlight: Managing Fisheries with Individual Transfer Quotas
   24-5 Protecting, Sustaining, and Restoring Wetlands
   Ind ividuals Matter: Restoring a Wetland
   24-6 Protecting, Sustaining, and Restoring Lakes and Rivers
   Cas e Study: Protecting Lake Baikal
  25 Sustainable Cities: Urban Land Use and Management
   The Ecocity Concept in Davis,California
   25-1 Urbanization and Urban Growth Spotlight: The Urban Poor
   25-2 Urban Resource and Environmental Problems
   Con nections: How Can Reducing Crime Help the Environment?
   25-3 Transportation and Urban Development
   Pro / Con: Good and Bad News About Motor Vehicles
   Cas e Study: Mass Transit in the United States
   Sol utions: Curitiba, Brazil
   25-4 Urban Land-Use Planning and Control
   Sol utions: Ecological Land-Use Planning
   Sol utions: Land-Use Planning in Oregon
   25-5 Solutions: Making Urban Areas More Livable and Sustainable
   Cas e Study: Tapiola, Finland
   Gue st Essay: The Ecological Design Arts by David W. Orr
 PART Ⅵ
  ENV IRONMENT AND SOCIETY
  26 Economics, Environment, and Sustainability
   How Important Are Natural Resources?
   26-1 Economic Resources and Systems and Environmental Problems
   Sol utions: Appropriate Technology
   Gue st Essay: The Steady-State Economy in Outline by Herman E. Daly
   26-2 Monitoring Economic and Environmental Progress
   26-3 Harmful External Costs and Full-Cost Pricing
   26-4 The Economics of Pollution Control and Resource Management
   26-5 Using Regulations and Market Forces to Improve Environmental Quality
   Sol utions: Shifting the Tax Burden from Wages and Profits to Pollution and Waste
   Spo tlight: What Is Good Environmental Management?
   26-6 Reducing Poverty to Improve Environmental
   Qua lity and Human Well-Being
   Sol utions: Microloans to the Poor
   26-7 Making the Transition to More Environmentally Sustainable Economies
   Cas e Study: How Is Germany Investing m the Future and the Earth?
   Con nections: Jobs and the Environment
  27 Politics, Environment, and Sustainability
   Res cuing a River
   27-1 Politics and Environmental Policy
   27-2 Developing and Influencing Environmental Policy
   Sol utions: Election Finance Reform
   Ind ividuals Matter: Environmental Careers
   27-3 Case Study: Environmental Policy in the United States
   Sol utions: Types of Environmental Laws en the United States
   27-4 Environmental Law
   Cas e Study: The Regulatory Takings Controversy
   Spo tlight: SLAPPS: Intimidating Environmental Activists
   27-5 Environmental and Anti-Environmental Groups and Claims
   Gue st Essay: Environmental Justice for All by Robert D. Bullard
   Ind ividuals Matter: Environmental Action on Campuses
   Gue st Essay: Covering the Environment by Andrew C. Revkin
   Sol utions: Improving Environmental Laws and Regulations
   27-6 Global Environmental Policy
   Sol utions: Goals of National and Global Environmental NGOs
   Sol utions: Improving Trade Agreements
  28 Environmental Worldviews,Ethics, and Sustainability
   Bio sphere 2: A Lesson in Humility
   28-1 Environmental Worldviews in Industrial Societies
   28-2 Life-Centered Environmental Worldviews
   Con nections: Why Should We Care About Future Generations?
   Spo tlight: Deep Ecology
   28-3 Solutions: Living More Sustainably
   Gue st Essay: Envisioning a Sustainable Society by Lester W Milbrath
  Ind ividuals Matter: Mindquake: Evaluating One's Environmental Worldview
  Con nections: Learning from the Earth Guest Essay: Green Colleges by Noel Perrin
  Spo tlight: What Are Our Basic Needs?
 Appendices
  1 Units of Measurement Al
  2 Some Basic Chemistry A2
  3 Classifying and Naming Species A5
 Glossary G 1
 Index Ⅱ