1 Introduction
 2 Development Processes and Organizations
 3 Product Planning
 4 Identifying Customer Needs
 5 Product Specifications Appendix: Target Costing
 6 Concept Generation
 7 Concept Selection
  Appendix: Concept-Screening Matrix
  Example
  Appendix: Concept-Scoring Matrix
  Example
  8 Concept Testing
  Appendix: Estimating Market
  Sizes
 9 Product Architecture
 10 Industrial Design
 11 Design for Manufacturing
  Appendix A: Materials Costs
  Appendix B: Component
  Manufacturing Costs
  Appendix C: Assembly Costs
  Appendix D: Cost Structures
 12 Prototyping
 13 Robust Design
  Appendix: Orthogonal Arrays
 14 Patents and Intellectual Property
  Appendix A: Trademarks
  Appendix B: Advice to Individual
  Inventors
 15 Product Development Economics
  Appendix A: Time Value of Money and the Net Present Value
  Technique
  Appendix B: Modeling Uncertain Cash Flows Using Net Present Value Analysis
 16 Managing Projects
  Appendix: Design Structure Matrix
  Example
 Index
 Chapter 1
  Introduction
  Characteristics of Successful Product
  Development
  Who Designs and Develops Products?
  Duration and Cost of Product
  Development
  The Challenges of Product Development
  Approach of This Book
  Structured Methods
  Industrial Examples
  Organizational Realities
  Road Map of the Book
  References and Bibliography
  Exercises
  Thought Question
  Organizational Links May Be Aligned with
  Functions, Projects, or Both
  Choosing an Organizational Structure
  The AMF Organization
  Summary
  References and Bibliography
  Exercises
  Thought Questions
 Chapter 2
  Development Processes
  and Organizations
  A Generic Development Process
  Concept Development: The Front-End
  Process
  Adapting the Generic Product Development
  Process
  Technology-Push Products
  Platform Products
  Process-Intensive Products
  Customized Products
  High-Risk Products
  Quick-Build Products
  Complex Systems
  Product Development Process Flows
  The AMF Development Process
  Product Development Organizations
  Organizations Are Formed by Establishing Links
  among Individuals
 Chapter 3
  Product Planning
  The Product Planning Process
  Four Types of Product Development Projects
  The process
  Step 1：Identify Opportunities
  Step 2: Evaluate and Pnoritize Projects
  Competitive Strategy
  Market Segmentation
  Technological Trajectories
  Product Platform Planning
  Evaluating Fundamentally New Product
  Opportunities
  Balancing the Portfolio
  Step 3:Allocate Resources and Plan Timing
  Resource Allocation
  Project Timing
  The Product Plan
  Step 4: Complete Pre-Project Planning
  Mission Statements
  Assumptions and Constraints
  Staffing and Other Pre-Project Planning
  Activities
  Step S: Reflect on the Results and the Process
  Summary
  References and Bibliography
  Exercises
  Thought Questions
 Chapter 4
  Identifying Customer Needs
  Step 1：Gather Raw Data from Customers
  Choosing Customers
  The Art of Eliciting Customer Needs Data
  Documenting Interactions with Customers
  Step 2: Interpret Raw Data in Terms of Customer
  Needs
  Step 3: Organize the Needs into a Hierarchy
  Step 4: Establish the Relative Importance of the Needs
  Step 5: Reflect on the Results and the Process Summary
  References and Bibliography
  Exercises
  Thought Questions
 Chapter 5
  Product Specifications
  What Are Specifications?
  When Are Specifications Established?
  Establishing Target Specifications
  Step l: Prepare the List of Metrics
  Step 2: Collect Competitive Benchmarking Information
  Step 3: Set Ideal and Marginally Acceptable
  Target Values
  Step 4: Refl ect on the Results and the Process
  Setting the Final Specifications
  Step 1: Develop Technical Models
  of the Product
  Step 2: Develop a Cost Model of the Product
  Step 3: Refine the Specifications, Making Trade-Offs
  Where Necessary
  Step 4: Flow Down the Specifications
  as Appropriate
  Step5：Reflect on the Results and the Process
  Summary
  References and Bibliography
  Exercises
  Thought Questions
  Appendix
  Target Costing
  Chapter 6
  Concept Generation
  The Activity of Concept Generation
  Structured Approaches Reduce the Likelihood
  of costly Problems
  A Five-Step Method
  Step 1：Clarify the Problem
  Decompose a Complex Problem into Simpler
  Subproblems
  Focus Initial Efforts on the Critical
  Subproblems
  Step 2: Search Externally
  Interview Lead Users
  Consult Experts
  Search Patents
  Search Published Literature
  Benchmark Related Products
  Step 3: Search Internally
  Both Individual and Group Sessions Can
  Be Useful
  Hints for Generating Solution Concepts
  Step 4: Explore Systematically
  Concept Classification Tree
  Concept Combination Table
  Managing the Exploration Process
  Step 5: Reflect on the Results and the Process
  Summary
  References and Bibliography
  Exercises
  Thought Questions
 Chapter 7
  Concept Selection
  Concept Selection Is an Integral Part of the Product Development Process
  All Teams Use Some Method for Choosing a Concept
  A Structured Method Offers Several Benefits Overview of Methodology Concept Screening
  Step 1: Prepare the Selection Matrix
  Step 2: Rate the Concepts
  Step 3: Rank the Concepts
  Step 4: Combine and Improve the Concepts
  Step 5: Select One or More Concepts
  Step 6: Reflect on the Results and the Process Concept Scoring
  Step l: Prepare the Selection Matrix
  Step 2: Rate the Concepts
  Step 3: Rank the Concepts
  Step 4: Combine and Improve the Concepts
  Step 5: Select One or More Concepts
  Step 6: Reflect on the Results and the Process
  Caveats
  Summary
  References and Bibliography
  Exercises
  Thought Questions
  Appendix A Concept-Screening Matrix
  Example
  Appendix B
  Concept-Scoring Matrix Example
 Chapter 8
  Concept Testing
  Step 1：Define the Purpose
  of the Concept Test
  Step 2: Choose a Survey Population
  Step 3: Choose a Survey Format
  Step 4: Communicate the Concept
  Matching the Survey Format with the Means of Communicating the Concept
  Issues in Communicating the Concept
  Step 5: Measure Customer Response
  Step 6: Interpret the Results
  Step 7: Reflect on the Results and the Process
  Summary
  References and Bibliography
  Exercises
  Thought Questions
  Appendix
  Estimating Market Sizes
 Chapter 9
  Product Architecture
  What Is Product Architecture?
  Types of Modularity
  When Is the Product Architecture Defined?
  Implications of the Architecture
  Product Change
  Product Variety
  Component Standardization
  Product Performance
  Manufacturability
  Product Development Management
  Establishing the Architecture
  Step 1: Create a Schematic of the Product
  Step 2: Cluster the Elements
  of the Schematic
  Step 3: Create a Rough Geometric Layout
  Step 4: Identify the Fundamental and Incidental
  Interactions
  Delayed Differentiation
  Platform Planning
  Differentiation Plan
  Commonality Plan
  Managing the Trade-Off between Differentiation and Commonality
  Related System-Level Design Issues
  Defining Secondary Systems
  Establishing the Architecture of the Chunks
  Creating Detached Interface Specifications
  Summary
  References and Bibliography
  Exercises
  Thought Questions
 Chapter 10
  Industrial Design
  What Is Industrial Design?
  Assessing the Need for Industrial Design
  Expenditures for Industrial Design
  How Important Is Industrial Design to a Product?
  Ergonomic Needs
  Aesthetic Needs
  The Impact of Industrial Design Is Industrial Design Worth the Investment?
  How Does Industrial Design Establish a Corporate Identity?
  The Industnal Design Process
  Investigation of Customer Needs
  Conceptualization
  Preliminary Refinement
  Further Refinement and Final Concept Selection
  Control Drawings
  Coordination with Engineering, Manufacturing, and External Vendors
  The Impact of Computer-Based Tools on the ID Process Management of the Industrial Design
  Process
  Timing of Industrial Design Involvement
  Assessing the Quality of Industrial Design
  ality of the User Interfaces
  otional Appeal
  ility to Maintain and Repair the Product
  propriate Use of Resources
  duct Differentiation
  Summary
  References and Bibliography
  Exercises
  Thought Questions
 Chapter 11
  Design for Manufacturing
  Design for Manufacturing Defined
  DFM Requires a Cross-Functional Team
  DFM Is Performed throughout the Development Precess Overview of the DFM Process
  Step 1：Estimate the Manufacturing Costs
  Fixed Costs versus Variable Costs
  The Bill of Materials
  Estimating the Costs of Standard Components
  Estimating the Costs of Custom Components
  Estimating the Cost of Assembly
  Estimating the Overhead Costs
  Step 2: Reduce the Costs of Components
  Understand the Process Constraints and Cost Drivers
  Redesign Components to Eliminate Processing
  Steps
  Choose the Appropriate Economic Scale
  for the Part Process
  Standardize Components and Processes
  Adhere to “Black Box”Component Procurement
  Step 3: Reduce the Costs of Assembly
  Keeping Score
  Integrate Parts
  Maximize Ease of Assembly
  Consider Customer Assembly
  Step 4: Reduce the Costs of Supporting
  Production
  Minimize Systemic Complexity
  Error Proofing
  Step 5: Consider the Impact of DFM Decisions
  on Other Factors
  The Impact of DFM on Development Time
  The Impact of DFM on Development Cost
  The Impact of DFM on Product Quality
  The Impact of DFM on External Factors
  Results
  Summary
  References and Bibliography
  Exercises
  Thought Questions
  Appendix A
  Materials Costs
  AppendixB
  Component Manufacturing Costs
  Appendix C
  Assembly Costs
  Appendix D
  Cost Structures
 Chapter 12
  Prototyping
  Prototype Basics
  What Is a Prototype?
  Types of Prototypes
  What Are Prototypes Used For?
  Principles of Prototyping
  Analytical Prototypes Are Generally More Flexible
  than Physical Prototypes
  Physical Prototypes Are Required to Detect
  Unanticipated Phenomena
  A Prototype May Reduce the Risk
  of Costly Iterations
  A Prototype May Expedite Other Development
  Steps
  A Prototype May Restructure Task Dependencies
  Prototyping Technologies
  3D Computer Modeling
  Free-Form Fabrication
  Planning for Prototypes
  Step 1: Define the Purpose of the Prototype
  Step 2: Establish the Level of Approximation
  of the Prototype
  Step 3: Outline an Experimental Plan
  Step 4: Create a Schedule for Procurement,
  Construction, and Testing
  Planning Milestone Prototypes
  Summary
  References and Bibliography
  Exercises
  Thought Questions
 Chapter 13
  Robust Design
  What Is Robust Design?
  Design of Experiments
  The Robust Design Process
  Step 1：Identify Control Factors, Noise Factors
  and Performance Metrics
  Step 2: Formulate an Objective Function
  Step 3: Develop the Experimental Plan
  Experimental Designs
  Testing Noise Factors
  Step 4: Run the Experiment
  Step 5: Conduct the Analysis
  Computing the Objective Function
  Computing Factor Effects by Analysis
  of Means
  Step 6: Select and Confirm Factor
  Setpoints
  Step 7: Reflect and Repeat
  Caveats
  Summary
  References and Bibliography
  Exercises
  Thought Questions
  Appendix
  Orthogonal Arrays
 Chapter 14
  Patents and Intellectual Property
  What Is Intellectual Property?
  Overview of Patents
  Utility Patents
  Preparing a Disclosure
  Step 1：Formulate a Strategy and Plan
  Timing of Patent Applications
  Type of Application
  Scope of Application
  Step 2: Study Prior Inventions
  Step 3: Outline Claims
  Step 4: Write the Description of the Invention
  Figures
  Writing the Detailed Description
  Defensive Disclosure
  Step 5: Refine Claims
  Writing the Claims
  Guidelines for Crafting Claims
  Step 6: Pursue Application
  Step 7: Reflect on the Results and the Process
  Summary
  References and Bibliography
  Exercises
  Thought Questions
  Appendix A
  Trademarks
  Appendix B
  Advice to Individual Inventors
 Chapter 15
  Product Development Economics
  Elements of Economic Analysis
  Quantitative Analysis
  Qualitative Analysis
  When Should Economic Analys is Be
  Performed?
  Economic Analysis Process
  Step 1：Build a Base-Case Financial Model
  Estimate the Timing and Magnitude of Future Cash
  Inflows and Outflows
  Compute the Net Present Value of the Cash Flows
  The Base-Case Financial Model Can Support
  Go/No-Go Decisions and Major Investment ecisions
  Step 2: Perform Sensitivity Analysis
  Development Cost Example
  Development Time Example
  Step 3: Use Sensitivity Analysis to Understand
  Project Trade-Offs
  Six Potential Interactions
  Trade-Off Rules
  Limitations of Quantitative Analys is
  Step 4: Consider the Influence of the Qualitative
  Factors on Project Success
  Projects Interact with the Firm, the Market, and the
  Macro Environment
  Carrying Out Qualitative Analysis
  Summary
  References and Bibliography
  Exercises
  Thought Questions
  Appendix A
  Time Value of Money and the Net Present
  Value Technique
  Appendix B
  Modeling Uncertain Cash Flows Using Net
  Present Value Analysis
 Chapter 16
  Managing Projects
  Understanding and Representing Tasks
  Sequential, Parallel, and Coupled Tasks
  The Design Structure Matrix
  Gantt Charts
  PERT Charts
  The Critical Path
  Baseline Project Planning
  The Contract Book
  Project Task List
  Team Staffing and Organization
  Project Schedule
  Project Budget
  Project Risk Plan
  Modifying the Baseline Plan
  Accelerating Projects
  Project Execution
  Coordination Mechanisms
  Assessing Project Status
  Corrective Actions
  Postmortem Project Evaluation
  Summary
  References and Bibliography
  Exercises
  Thought Questions
  Appendix
  Design Structure Matrix Example
  Index