Introduction
 Chapter 1 Overview of Cell
  1.1 Structural Organization of Prokaryotic Cells
  1.2 Structural Organization of Eukaryotic Cells
   Membrane
   Cytoskeleton
   The Nucleus
   The Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus
   Mitochondria
   Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
   Key Words
 Chapter 2 Protein
  2.1 Amino Acids
   General Structures of Amino Acids
   Structures of the 20 Common Amino Acids
   Spectroscopic Properties of Amino Acids
   The Ninhydrin Reaction
   Ionization of Amino Acids
  2.2 Structures of Proteins
   Peptide
   Peptide Bonds
   Primary Structure
   Secondary Structure
   Supersecondary Structure
   Tertiary Structure
   Quaternary Structure
   The Classification of Proteins
  2.3 Structure-function Relationships of Proteins
   Primary Structure Determine the Conformation of Protein
   Protein Denaturation and Renaturation
   Protein Stability
   Correlation between Conformation and Function of Protein
   Protein Misfolding and Diseases
  2.4 Protein Purification Techniques
   vi Contents
   Salting Out
   Dialysis
   Gel Filtration Chromatography
   Ion Exchange Chromatography
   Affinity Chromatography
   Electrophoresis
   SDS Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ( SDS-PAGE )
   Isoelectric Focusing
   Two Dimensional Electrophoresis
   Ultracentrifugation
   Key Words
 Chapter 3 Enzymes
  3.1 The History of Enzymes
  3.2 Naming and Classification of Enzymes
   EC 1 Oxidoreductases
   EC 2 Transferases
   EC 3 Hydrolases
   EC 4 Lyases
   EC 5 Isomerases
   EC 6 Ligases
  3.3 Structural Components of Enzymes
   Apoenzymes , Cofactors and Holoenzymes
   Active Center of Enzymes
   Isozymes
  3.4 The Properties of Enzymatic Catalysis
   Enzymes Greatly Accelerate the Rates of Chemical Reactions
   Specificity of Enzymes
   Controllability of Enzyme Activity
  3.5 Mechanism of Enzymatic Catalysis
   Transition State and Activation Energy
   Lock and Key Hypothesis
   Induced Fit Hypothesis
   Enzyme-Substrate Interactions
  3.6 Enzyme Kinetics
   Substrate Concentration Affects the Rate of Reactions
   Michaelis-Menton Kinetics
   The Significance of Km
   Measurement of Km and Vmax
   Enzyme Concentration Affects the Rate of Reactions
   Temperature Affects the Rate of Reactions
   pH Value Affects the Rate of Reactions
   Inhibition of Enzyme Catalyzed Reactions
   Contents vii
  3.7 Enzyme Inhibitors and Drugs
  3.8 Regulation of Enzyme Activity
   Allosteric Regulation
   Covalent Modification
   Zymogen Activation
  3.9 Enzymes in the Diagnosis of Pathology
   Key Words
 Chapter 4 Coenzymes and Vitamins
  4.1 Water -soluble Vitamins
   Vitamin B1
   Vitamin PP
   Vitamin B2
   Pantothenic Acid
   Vitamin B6
   Vitamin B12
   Vitamin C
   Biotin
   Lipoic Acid
   Folate
  4.2 Fat -soluble Vitamins
   Vitamin A
   Vitamin D
   Vitamin E
   Vitamin K
   Key Words
 Chapter 5 Nucleic Acids
  5.1 Building Blocks of Nucleic Acids
   Ribose and Deoxyribose
   Nitrogenous Bases
   Nucleosides
   Nucleotides
  5.2 Nucleic Acid Structure
   3′-5′Phosphodiester Bonds
   The Primary Structure of Nucleic Acids
   DNA Double Helix
   DNA Organization in Cells
   Structure of RNA
   Ribozymes
  5.3 Physicochemical Property of Nucleic Acids
   Spectroscopic Properties of Nucleic Acids
   Denaturation and Renaturation of DNA
   viii Contents
   Nucleic Acid Hybridization
   Key Words
 Chapter 6 DNA Replication
  6.1 Fundamental Rules in DNA Replication
   Semiconservative
   Bidirectional Replication of DNA
   Semidiscontinuous and Okazaki Fragments
  6.2 The Key Enzymes and Protein Factors in DNA Replication of li 1
   DNA Polymerase
   Model of the Replisome
  6.3 DNA Replication in the li
   Initiation
   Elongation
   Termination
  6.4 DNA Replication in Eukaryote
   Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
   Multiple Replicons
   Eukaryotic DNA Polymerases
   Other Enzymes and Proteins in DNA Replication of Eukaryote
   Replication of the Ends of Chromosomes
  6.5 Repair of Damaged DNA
   Nucleotide Excision Repair
   Transcription-coupled Repair
   Base Excision Repair
   Mismatch Repair
   Direct Repair
   SOS Response Repair
   Key Words
 Chapter 7 RNA Synthesis—Transcription
  7.1 DNA-dependent Synthesis of RNA
   DNA -dependent RNA Polymerase
   Promoter Sites on the DNA Template
  7.2 Transcription in Prokaryote
   Initiation
   Elongation
   Termination
  7.3 Transcription in Eukaryotes
   Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases
   Eukaryotic Transcription Factors
  7.4 RNA Processing
   Eukaryotic mRNA Processing
   Contents ix
   The Splicing of mRNA Precursors
   Processing of pre-rRNA and pre -tRNA
   RNA Editing
   Key Words
 Chapter 8 Protein Synthesis—Translation
  8.1 The Genetic Code
   The Genetic Code Is a Triplet Code
   The Genetic Code Is Nonoverlapping and without Punctuation
   The Genetic Code Is Degenerate, but Unambiguous
   The Code Is Almost Universal
  8.2 Formation of Aminoacyl -tRNA
  8.3 Translation in Prokaryotes
   Initiation of Translation
   Elongation
   Termination and Release
   Polyribosomes
  8.4 Translation in Eukaryotes
  8.5 Events Following Protein Translation
   Processing of Proteins
   Posttranslational Modifications
  8.6 Protein Targeting
   Signal Hypothesis
   Lysosomal Proteins
   Mitochondrial Proteins
   Nuclear Proteins
   Proteins of the Endoplasmic Reticulum
   Integral Plasma Membrane Proteins
  8.7 Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis
   Key Words
 Chapter 9 Regulation of Gene Expression
  9.1 Principles of Gene Regulation
   Specificity of Gene Expression
   Types of Gene Expression
   The Specific DNA Sequences
   Regulatory Proteins
  9.2 Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes
   Operons
   Lactose ( lac ) Operon
   Negative Regulation of Gene Transcription
   Positive Regulation of Gene Transcription
   Tryptophan ( trp) Operon
   x Contents
   Attenuation of Transcription
  9.3 Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
   Modification of DNA
   Gene Regulatory Sequences
   Gene Specific Regulatory Proteins
   Key Words
 Chapter 10 Carbohydrate Metabolism
  10.1 Glycolysis
   The Reactions of Glycolysis
   The Fate of Pyruvate
   Regulation of Glycolysis
  10.2 The Citric Acid Cycle
   The Formation of Acetyl Coenzyme A from Pyruvate
   The Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle
   Energy Yield of the Citric Acid Cycle
   The Regulation of Citric Acid Cycle
   Major Metabolic Pathways Converging on the Citric Acid Cycl e
  10.3 The Pentose Phosphate Pathway
   The Reaction of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway
   The Regulation of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway
   Metabolic Disorders Associated with the Pathway
  10.4 Glycogen Metabolism
   Glycogen Synthesis
   Glycogen Degradation
   Regulation of Glycogen Metabolism
  10.5 Gluconeogenesis
   Gluconeogenic Pathway
   The Cori Cycle
  10.6 Regulation of Blood Glucose Level
   Key Words
 Chapter 11 Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation
  11.1 Electron Transport Chains
   Complex Ⅰ:NADH to Coenzyme Q
   Complex Ⅱ:Succinate to Coenzyme Q
   Complex Ⅲ:Coenzyme Q to Cytochrome c
   Complex Ⅳ:Cytochrome c to O2
  11.2 Coupling with Oxidative Phosphorylation
   Chemiosmotic Coupling
   P/O Ratio
   ATP Synthase or the F oF1 Complex
  11.3 Aerobic Oxidation of Cytosolic NADH
   Contents xi
   Glycerol -3-phosphate Shuttle
   Malate-Aspartate Shuttle
  11.4 Effect Factors of Oxidative Phosphorylation
   Inhibitors of Electron Transport
   Uncouplers
  11.5 Mutations in Mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA)
   Key Words
 Chapter 12 Lipid Metabolism
  12.1 The Digestion and Absorption of Lipids
  12.2 Oxidation of Fatty Acids
   Mobilization of Fatty Acids
   Activation and Transport of Fatty Acids
   The Reaction of β-Oxidation
   Energy Yield of Fatty Acid Oxidation
   Alternative Oxidation Pathways
  12.3 Synthesis and Oxidation of Ketone Bodies
   Synthesis of Ketone Bodies
   Oxidation of Ketone Bodies as Fuels
  12.4 Fatty Acid Synthesis
   Transport of Acetyl CoA to the Cytosol
   Carboxylation of Acetyl CoA
   The Reactions of Fatty Acid Synthesis
   Elongation and Desaturation
   Regulation of Fatty Acid Metabolism
  12.5 Triglyceride Synthesis
  12.6 Metabolism of Glycerophospholipids and Sphingolipids
   Synthesis of Glycerophospholipids
   Synthesis of Sphingolipids
   Degradation of Glycerophospholipids and Sphingolipids
  12.7 Cholesterol Metabolism
   Biosynthesis of Cholesterol
   Regulation of Cholesterol Biosynthesis
   The Transform of Cholesterol
  12.8 Lipoprotein Metabolism
   Chylomicrons
   VLDLs, IDLs and LDLs
   HDLs
   Key Words
 Chapter 13 Amino Acid Metabolism
  13.1 General Metabolism of Amino Acids
   Transamination Reactions
   xii Contents
   Oxidative Deamination of Glutamate
   Purine Nucleotide Cycle
   Transportation of Amino Acid Nitrogen to the Liver
   The Urea Cycle
   Links between the Citric Acid and Urea Cycles
   Regulation of the Urea Cycle
   Metabolism of Carbon Skeletons of Amino Acids
  13.2 Individual Metabolism of Some Amino Acids
   Decarboxylation of Amino Acids
   One Carbon Unit
   S -Adenosyl Methionine
   Synthesis of the Catecholamines
   Key Words
 Chapter 14 Nucleotides Metabolism
  14.1 Nucleotide Synthesis
   The de novo Pathway of Purine Synthesis
   Synthesis of AMP and GMP
   Phosphorylation of AMP and GMP
   Regulation of Purine Synthesis
   Purine Salvage Pathways
   Purine Nucleotides Transformation
   The de novo Pathway of Pyrimidine Synthesis
   Regulation of de novo Pyrimidine Synthesis
   The Salvage Pathway of Pyrimidine Synthesis
   The Production of Deoxyribonucleotides
  14.2 Degradation of Nucleotides
   Degradation of Purine Nucleotides
   Degradation of Pyrimidine Nucleotides
   Key Words
 Chapter 15 Cell Signaling
  15.1 Signaling Molecules
   Types of Signaling Molecules
  15.2 Signaling Receptor
   Properties of Binding between Receptors and Ligands
   Cell Surface Receptors
   Intracellular Receptors
  15.3 Principles of Intracellular Signal Transduction
   Second Messengers
   Protein Kinases and Phosphatases
   Protein Interaction Domains
   Adaptor Protein
   Contents xiii
   Scaffolding Proteins
  15.4 Several Classic Examples of Signal Transductions
   MAPK /ERK Pathway
   JAK -STAT Pathway
   TGF-βSignaling Pathway
   Insulin Signaling Pathways
   Glucagon and Epinephrine Signaling Pathways
   Key Words
 Chapter 16 The Popular Techniques in Molecular Biology
  16.1 Molecular Hybridization and Blotting Technique
   The Principle of Molecular Hybridization and Blotting Technique
   The Types and Applications of Blotting Technique
  16.2 The Principle and Application of Polymerase Chain Reaction ( PCR) 2
   The Principle of PCR
   The Application of PCR
  16.3 Nucleic Acid Sequencing
   RNA Sequencing
   DNA Sequencing
   The Application of DNA Sequencing
  16.4 Gene Library
   Genomic DNA Library
   cDNA Library
   The Application of cDNA Library
   cDNA Library vs .Genomic DNA Library
  16.5 Biological Chip Techniques
   Gene Chip
   Protein Chip
  16.6 The Method of Protein-Protein and Protein -DNA Interaction Study 3
   Protein-Protein Interaction Technology
   DNA -Protein Interaction Molecular Analysis Technology
  16.7 The Establishment and Application of Heredity -Modified Animal
   Model
   Transgenic Technology
   Nuclear Transfer Technology
   Gene Targeting
   Gene Knockout
   Gene Knockin
   Gene Knockdown
  16.8 Cloning and Identification of Disease Relative Genes
   Functional Cloning
   Positional Cloning
   xiv Contents
  16.9 Gene Therapy
   Approach of Gene Therapy
   Types of Gene Therapy
   Vectors in Gene Therapy
   Key Words
 Reference
 Index