分离工程 第五版(英文原版影印) / 国外名校名著
¥259.00定价
作者: [美]菲利普·C.万卡特(Phillip C. Wankat)
出版时间:2025-01
出版社:化学工业出版社
- 化学工业出版社
- 9787122462473
- 01
- 529592
- 2025-01
- 1699
- 1062
- TQ028
作者简介
目录
Nomenclature
符号表
第1章 Introduction to Separation Process Engineering
分离工程简介 1
1.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要与教学目标/ 1
1.1 Importance of Separations / 分离的重要性 / 1
1.2 Concept of Equilibrium / 平衡的概念 / 3
1.3 Mass Transfer Concepts / 传质的概念 / 4
1.4 Problem-Solving Methods / 问题解决方法 / 5
1.5 Units / 单位 / 6
1.6 Computers and Computer Simulations / 计算机与计算模拟 / 7
1.7 Prerequisite Material / 预习资料 / 7
1.8 Other Resources on Separation Process Engineering / 分离工程的其他资源 / 9
References / 参考文献 / 10
Problems / 习题 / 11
第2章 Flash Distillation
闪蒸 13
2.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要与教学目标 / 13
2.1 Basic Method of Flash Distillation / 闪蒸的基本方法 / 13
2.2 Form and Sources of Equilibrium Data / 平衡数据的形式和来源 / 15
2.3 Binary VLE / 二元汽液平衡 / 17
2.3.1 Graphical Binary VLE / 二元汽液平衡相图 / 18
2.3.2 Binary VLE Equations / 二元汽液平衡方程 / 22
2.4 Binary Flash Distillation / 二元闪蒸 / 26
2.4.1 Sequential Solution Procedure / 顺序求解法 / 26
Example 2-1. Flash Distillation of Ethanol and Water / 例题 2-1. 乙醇和水的闪蒸 / 28
2.4.2 Simultaneous Solution Procedure / 同步求解法 / 30
2.4.3 Simultaneous Solution on Enthalpy-Composition Diagram / 利用焓-组成图同步求解 / 31
2.5 Multicomponent VLE / 多组分汽液平衡 / 32
2.6 Multicomponent Flash Distillation / 多组分闪蒸 / 36
Example 2-2. Multicomponent Flash Distillation / 例题 2-2. 多组分闪蒸 / 38
2.7 Simultaneous Multicomponent Convergence / 多组分同步收敛 / 40
Example 2-3. Simultaneous Solution for Multicomponent Flash Distillation / 例题 2-3. 多组分闪蒸的同步求解 / 42
2.8 Three-Phase Flash Calculations / 三相闪蒸计算 / 45
2.9 Size Calculation / 设备尺寸计算 / 45
Example 2-4. Calculation of Drum Size / 例题 2-4. 闪蒸罐尺寸计算 / 48
2.10 Using Existing Flash Drums / 闪蒸罐利旧 / 50
References / 参考文献 / 51
Problems / 习题 / 52
Appendix A. Computer Simulation of Flash Distillation / 附录A. 闪蒸的计算机模拟 / 62
Lab 1. Introduction to Aspen Plus / 实验1. Aspen Plus简介 / 62
Lab 2. Flash Distillation / 实验2. 闪蒸 / 69
Appendix B. Spreadsheets for Flash Distillation / 附录B. 用于闪蒸计算的电子表格 / 72
2.B.1. Binary Flash Distillation with Excel / 用Excel进行二元闪蒸计算 / 72
Example 2-B1. Binary Flash Distillation of Ethanol-Water / 例题 2-B1. 乙醇-水的二元闪蒸 / 72
2.B.2. Multicomponent Flash Distillation with Excel / 用Excel进行多组分闪蒸计算 / 73
第3章 Introduction to Column Distillation
精馏塔简介 75
3.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要与教学目标 / 75
3.1 Developing a Distillation Cascade / 多级蒸馏的建立 / 75
3.2 Tray Column Distillation Equipment / 板式精馏塔 / 82
3.3 Safety / 安全性 / 84
3.4 Specifications / 规定变量 / 86
3.5 External Column Balances / 全塔衡算 / 88
Example 3-1. External Balances for Binary Distillation / 例题 3-1. 二元精馏的全塔衡算 / 91
References / 参考文献 / 92
Problems / 习题 / 92
第4章 Binary Column Distillation: Internal Stage-by-Stage Balances
二元精馏塔的逐级衡算 99
4.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要与教学目标 / 99
4.1 Internal Balances / 塔内衡算 / 99
4.2 Binary Stage-by-Stage Solution Methods / 二元逐级求解方法 / 103
Example 4-1. Stage-by-Stage Calculations by the Lewis Method / 例题 4-1. 路易斯法逐级计算 / 107
4.3 Introduction to the McCabe-Thiele Method / 麦凯布-蒂勒图解法简介 / 109
4.4 Feed Line /进料线 / 113
Example 4-2. Feed Line Calculations / 例题 4-2. 进料方程计算 / 117
4.5 Complete McCabe-Thiele Method / 麦凯布-蒂勒图解法 / 120
Example 4-3. McCabe-Thiele Method / 例题 4-3. 麦凯布-蒂勒图解法 / 120
4.6 Profiles for Binary Distillation / 二元精馏塔内分布曲线 / 123
4.7 Open Steam Heating / 直接蒸汽加热 / 125
Example 4-4. McCabe-Thiele Analysis of Open Steam Heating / 例题 4-4. 麦凯布-蒂勒法分析直接蒸汽加热的精馏过程 / 125
4.8 General McCabe-Thiele Analysis Procedure / 麦凯布-蒂勒法通用分析过程 / 129
Example 4-5. Distillation with Two Feeds / 例题 4-5. 双进料精馏过程 / 130
4.9 Other Distillation Column Situations / 其他 / 134
4.9.1 Partial Condensers / 分凝器 / 134
4.9.2 Total Reboilers / 全沸器 / 135
4.9.3 Side Streams or Withdrawal Lines / 侧线加料或侧线采出 / 136
4.9.4 Intermediate Reboilers and Intermediate Condensers / 中间再沸器和中间冷凝器 / 137
4.9.5 Stripping and Enriching Columns / 提馏段和浓缩段 / 138
4.9.6 Column Flash Distillation / 闪蒸塔 / 140
4.10 Limiting Operating Conditions / 极限操作条件 / 141
4.11 Efficiencies / 级效率 / 143
4.12 Subcooled Reflux and Superheated Boilup / 过冷回流和过热再沸 / 145
4.13 Simulation Problems / 精馏模拟问题 / 146
4.14 New Uses for Old Columns / 精馏塔利旧 / 148
4.15 Comparisons between Analytical and Graphical Methods / 分析法和图解法比较 / 149
References / 参考文献 / 150
Problems / 习题 / 150
Appendix A. Computer Simulation of Binary Distillation / 附录 A. 二元精馏的计算机模拟 / 165
Lab 3. Binary Distillation / 实验 3. 二元精馏 / 165
Appendix B. Spreadsheet for Binary Distillation / 附录 B. 用于二元精馏计算的电子表格 / 169
Example 4-B1. Binary Distillation of Ethanol-Water / 例题 4-B1. 乙醇-水二元精馏 / 169
第5章 Introduction to Multicomponent Distillation
多组分精馏简介 171
5.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要与教学目标 / 171
5.1 Calculational Difficulties of Multicomponent Distillation / 多组分精馏计算的难点 / 171
Example 5-1. External Mass Balances Using Fractional Recoveries / 例题 5-1. 利用组分回收率进行全塔物料质量衡算 / 174
5.2 Profiles for Multicomponent Distillation / 多组分精馏分布曲线 / 176
5.3 Stage-by-Stage Calculations for CMO / CMO的逐级计算 / 181
Example 5-2. Bubble-Point Calculation / 例题 5-2. 泡点计算 / 183
References / 参考文献 / 186
Problems / 习题 / 187
Appendix A. Simplified Spreadsheet for Stage-by-Stage Calculations for Ternary Distillation / 附录 A. 三元精馏逐级计算的简捷电子表格 / 192
Example 5-A1. Stage-by-Stage Calculations for Stripping Column / 例题 5-A1. 提馏段的逐级计算 / 192
第6章 Exact Calculation Procedures for Multicomponent Distillation
多组分精馏的严格计算 195
6.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要与教学目标 / 195
6.1 Introduction to Matrix Solution for Multicomponent Distillation / 多组分精馏的矩阵求解简介 / 195
6.2 Component Mass Balances in Matrix Form /矩阵形式的组分质量衡算 / 196
6.3 Initial Guesses for Flow Rates and Temperatures / 流量和温度的初步估算 / 200
6.4 Temperature Convergence / 温度收敛 / 201
Example 6-1. Matrix and Bubble-Point Calculations / 例题 6-1. 矩阵和泡点计算 / 201
6.5 Energy Balances in Matrix Form / 矩阵形式的能量衡算 / 203
6.6 Introduction to Naphtali-Sandholm Simultaneous Convergence Method
Naphtali-Sandholm同步收敛法简介 / 206
6.7 Discussion / 讨论 / 207
References / 参考文献 / 208
Problems / 习题 / 208
Appendix. Computer Simulations for Multicomponent Column Distillation / 附录. 多组分塔式精馏的计算模拟 / 214
Lab 4. Simulation of Multicomponent Distillation / 实验 4. 多组分精馏模拟 / 214
Lab 5. Pressure Effects and Tray Efficiencies / 实验5. 压力的影响和塔板效率 / 216
Lab 6. Coupled Columns / 实验6. 多塔精馏 / 220
第7章 Approximate Shortcut Methods for Multicomponent Distillation
多组分精馏的简捷算法 223
7.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要与教学目标 / 223
7.1 Total Reflux: Fenske Equation / 全回流:芬斯克方程 / 223
Example 7-1. Fenske Equation / 例题 7-1. 芬斯克方程 / 227
7.2 Minimum Reflux: Underwood Equations / 最小回流:安德伍德方程 / 228
Example 7-2. Underwood Equations / 例题 7-2. 安德伍德方程 / 231
7.3 Gilliland Correlation for Number of Stages at Finite Reflux Ratios / 有限回流比下理论塔板数的吉利兰关联图 / 231
Example 7-3. Gilliland Correlation / 例题 7-3. 吉利兰关联图 / 233
References / 参考文献 / 234
Problems / 习题 / 235
第8章 Introduction to Complex Distillation Methods
特殊精馏简介 241
8.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要与教学目标 / 241
8.1 Breaking Azeotropes with Hybrid Separations / 分离过程耦合破除共沸 / 241
8.2 Binary Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation Processes / 二元非均相共沸精馏过程 / 243
8.2.1 Binary Heterogeneous Azeotropes—Single-Column System / 二元非均相共沸物—单塔系统 / 243
8.2.2 Drying Organic Compounds That Are Almost Immiscible with Water / 与水几乎不混溶有机物的脱水 / 245
Example 8-1. Drying Benzene by Distillation / 例题 8-1. 精馏法干燥苯 / 246
8.2.3 Binary Heterogeneous Azeotropes—Two-Column Systems / 二元非均相共沸物—双塔系统 / 249
8.3 Continuous Steam Distillation / 连续水蒸气蒸馏 / 251
8.3.1 Equilibrium / 平衡 / 251
8.3.2 One-Stage Continuous Steam Distillation / 单级连续水蒸气蒸馏 / 252
Example 8-2. Single-Stage Continuous Steam Distillation / 例题 8-2. 单级连续水蒸气蒸馏 / 252
8.3.3 Continuous Steam Distillation with Multiple Stages / 多级连续水蒸气蒸馏 / 255
8.4 Pressure-Swing Distillation Processes / 变压精馏过程 / 257
8.5 Complex Ternary Distillation Systems / 复杂三元精馏系统 / 259
8.5.1 Distillation Curves / 精馏曲线 / 260
Example 8-3. Development of Distillation Curves for Constant Relative Volatility / 例题 8-3. 恒定相对挥发度的精馏曲线绘制 / 263
8.5.2 Residue Curves / 剩余曲线 / 264
8.5.3 Mass Balances on Distillation Curve and Residue Curve Diagrams / 用精馏曲线和剩余曲线图进行质量衡算 / 266
8.6 Extractive Distillation / 萃取精馏 / 266
8.7 Azeotropic Distillation with Added Solvent / 添加溶剂的恒沸精馏 / 271
8.8 Distillation with Chemical Reaction / 反应精馏 / 274
References / 参考文献 / 277
Problems / 习题 / 278
Appendix A. Simulation of Complex Distillation Systems / 附录 A. 复杂精馏系统的模拟 / 292
Lab 7. Pressure-Swing Distillation for Separating Azeotropes / 实验 7. 变压精馏分离共沸物 / 292
Lab 8. Binary Distillation of Systems with Heterogeneous Azeotropes / 实验 8. 非均相二元共沸体系的精馏过程 / 295
Lab 9. Simulation of Extractive Distillation / 实验 9. 萃取精馏模拟 / 298
Appendix B. Spreadsheet for Distillation Curve Generation for Constant Relative Volatility at Total Reflux / 附录 B. 用于恒定相对挥发度时绘制全回流条件下精馏曲线的电子表格 / 302
第9章 Batch Distillation
间歇蒸馏 303
9.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要与教学目标 / 303
9.1 Introduction to Batch Distillation / 间歇蒸馏简介 / 303
9.2 Batch Distillation: Rayleigh Equation / 间歇蒸馏:瑞利方程 / 305
9.2.1 Mixed Distillate Product / 混合馏出物产品 / 305
9.2.2 Distillate Product Fractions / 馏出物产品组成 / 306
9.3 Simple Binary Batch Distillation / 简单二元间歇蒸馏 / 307
Example 9-1. Simple Binary Rayleigh Distillation / 例题 9-1. 简单二元瑞利蒸馏 / 309
9.4 Constant-Mole Batch Distillation / 恒摩尔量间歇蒸馏 / 312
Example 9-2. Solvent Exchange by Constant-Mole Batch Distillation / 例题 9-2. 恒摩尔量间歇蒸馏进行溶剂置换 / 313
9.5 Batch Steam Distillation / 间歇水蒸气蒸馏 / 314
Example 9-3. Batch Steam Distillation / 例题 9-3. 间歇水蒸气蒸馏 / 315
9.6 Multistage Binary Batch Distillation / 多级二元间歇精馏 / 317
9.6.1 Constant Reflux Ratio / 恒回流比 / 317
Example 9-4. Multistage Batch Distillation / 例题 9-4. 多级间歇精馏 / 318
9.6.2 Variable Reflux Ratio / 变回流比 / 320
9.7 Multicomponent Simple Batch Distillation and Residue Curve Calculations / 多组分简单间歇蒸馏和剩余曲线计算 / 321
Example 9-5. Multicomponent Simple Batch Distillation / 例题 9-5. 多组分简单间歇蒸馏 / 322
9.8 Operating Time / 操作时间 / 324
References / 参考文献 / 326
Problems / 习题 / 326
Appendix A. Calculations for Simple Multicomponent Batch Distillation and Residue Curve Analysis / 附录 A. 简单多组分间歇蒸馏及剩余曲线分析 / 334
第10章 Staged and Packed Column Design
板式塔和填料塔设计 337
10.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要与教学目标 / 337
10.1 Staged Column Equipment Description / 板式塔设备概述 / 338
10.1.1 Trays, Downcomers, and Weirs / 塔板、降液管和溢流堰 / 339
10.1.2 Inlets and Outlets / 进料口和出料口 / 341
10.2 Tray Efficiencies / 塔板效率 / 344
10.2.1 Efficiency Definitions / 效率的定义 / 344
10.2.2 Prediction of Efficiencies / 效率的预测 / 346
Example 10-1. Overall Efficiency Estimation / 例题 10-1. 全塔效率估算 / 348
10.2.3 Laboratory and Pilot Plant Data / 实验室和中试数据 / 349
10.3 Column Diameter Calculations / 塔径计算 / 350
Example 10-2. Diameter Calculation for Tray Column / 例题 10-2. 板式塔直径的计算 / 354
10.4 Balancing Calculated Diameters / 平衡计算塔径/ 355
10.5 Sieve Tray Layout and Tray Hydraulics / 筛板塔盘布置和塔板水力学 / 357
Example 10-3. Tray Layout and Hydraulics / 例题 10-3. 塔盘布置和水力学 / 361
10.6 Valve Tray Design / 浮阀塔板设计 / 364
10.7 Introduction to Packed Column Design / 填料塔设计简介 / 365
10.8 Packings and Packed Column Internals / 填料和填料塔内构件 / 366
10.9 Packed Column Design: HETP Method / 填料塔设计:等板高度法 / 368
10.9.1 Experimental Determination of HETP / 等板高度的实验测定 / 368
10.9.2 HETP Behavior / HETP行为 / 369
10.9.3 Data-Heuristic Design of Packed Columns / 基于数据经验的填料塔设计 / 370
10.10 Packed Column Flooding and Diameter Calculation / 填料塔液泛和塔径计算 / 371
Example 10-4. Packed Column Diameter Calculation / 例题 10-4. 填料塔直径计算 / 374
Example 10-5. Alternate Packed Column Diameter Calculation / 例题 10-5. 填料塔直径备选计算方法 / 377
10.11 Economic Trade-Offs for Packed Columns / 填料塔经济因素分析 / 378
10.12 Choice of Column Type / 塔类型选择 / 379
10.13 Fire Hazards of Structured Packings / 规整填料的火灾风险 / 381
References / 参考文献 / 382
Problems / 习题 / 385
Appendix. Tray and Downcomer Design with Computer Simulator / 附录. 塔板和降液管设计的计算机模拟 / 392
Lab 10. Detailed Design / 实验 10. 详细设计过程 / 392
第11章 Economics and Energy Efficiency in Distillation
精馏中的经济指标和能量效率 397
11.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要与教学目标 / 397
11.1 Equipment Costs / 设备费用 / 397
11.2 Basic Heat Exchanger Design / 换热器设计基础 / 404
11.3 Design and Operating Effects on Costs / 影响成本的设计与操作因素 / 406
Example 11-1. Cost Estimate for Distillation / 例题 11-1. 精馏成本估算 / 411
11.4 Changes in Plant Operating Rates / 工厂运转率变化 / 414
11.5 Energy Reduction in Binary Distillation Systems / 二元精馏系统的节能 / 415
11.5.1 Energy Conservation in Existing Plants / 现有装置的节能 / 415
11.5.2 Energy Conservation in New Facilities / 新建装置的节能 / 416
11.6 Synthesis of Column Sequences for Almost Ideal Multicomponent Distillation / 近理想多组分精馏塔序组合 / 419
11.6.1 Ternary Column Sequences / 三元塔序 / 420
11.6.2 Heuristics for Sequences with More Components / 多组分塔序的启发法 / 422
Example 11-2. Sequencing Columns with Heuristics / 例题 11-2. 塔序的启发法 / 423
11.7 Synthesis of Distillation Systems for Nonideal Ternary Systems / 非理想三元体系精馏塔序组合 / 425
Example 11-3. Process Development for Separation of Complex Ternary Mixture / 例题 11-3. 复杂三元混合物分离过程开发 / 427
11.8 Next Steps / 后续内容 / 429
References / 参考文献 / 430
Problems / 习题 / 431
第12章 Absorption and Stripping
吸收和解吸 439
12.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要与教学目标 / 440
12.1 Absorption and Stripping Equilibria / 吸收和解吸平衡 / 441
12.2 McCabe-Thiele Solution for Dilute Absorption / 低浓度吸收的麦凯布-蒂勒法求解 / 444
Example 12-1. McCabe-Thiele Analysis for Dilute Absorber / 例题 12-1. 低浓度吸收塔的麦凯布-蒂勒图解分析 / 445
12.3 Stripping Analysis for Dilute Systems / 低浓度体系的解吸分析 / 446
12.4 Analytical Solution for Dilute Systems: Kremser Equation / 低浓度体系的分析方法:克雷姆塞尔方程 / 447
Example 12-2. Stripping Analysis with the Kremser Equation / 例题 12-2. 克雷姆塞尔方程用于解吸分析 / 451
12.5 Efficiencies / 效率 / 452
12.6 McCabe-Thiele Analysis for More Concentrated Systems / 高浓度体系的麦凯布-蒂勒图解分析 / 453
Example 12-3. Graphical Analysis for More Concentrated Absorber / 例题 12-3. 高浓度吸收塔的图解分析 / 455
12.7 Column Diameter / 塔径 / 457
12.8 Dilute Multisolute Absorbers and Strippers / 多元稀溶液的吸收塔和解吸塔 / 458
12.9 Matrix Solution for Concentrated Absorbers and Strippers / 高浓度吸收塔和解吸塔的矩阵求解 / 460
12.10 Irreversible Absorption and Cocurrent Cascades / 不可逆吸收和多级并流吸收 / 463
References / 参考文献 / 465
Problems / 习题 / 466
Appendix. Computer Simulations of Absorption and Stripping / 附录. 吸收和解吸的计算机模拟 / 474
Lab 11. Absorption and Stripping / 实验 11. 吸收和解吸 / 474
第13章 Liquid-Liquid Extraction
液液萃取 481
13.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要与教学目标 / 481
13.1 Introduction to Extraction Processes and Equipment / 萃取工艺与设备概述 / 481
13.2 Equilibrium for Dilute Systems and Solvent Selection / 稀溶液体系的平衡与溶剂选择 / 486
13.3 Dilute, Immiscible, Countercurrent Extraction / 稀溶液不互溶逆流萃取 / 489
13.3.1 McCabe-Thiele Method for Dilute Countercurrent Extraction / 稀溶液逆流萃取的麦凯布-蒂勒图解法 / 489
Example 13-1. Dilute Countercurrent Immiscible Extraction / 例题13-1. 稀溶液不互溶逆流萃取 / 490
13.3.2 Kremser Solution for Dilute Countercurrent Extraction / 稀溶液逆流萃取过程的克雷姆塞尔解析法 / 492
13.3.3 Dilute Fractional Extraction / 稀溶液分馏萃取 / 493
13.3.4 McCabe-Thiele Analysis of Fractional Extraction / 分馏萃取的麦凯布-蒂勒图解分析 / 495
13.3.5 Kremser Equation for Fractional Extraction / 分馏萃取的克雷姆塞尔方程 / 497
Example 13-2. Kremser Solutions for Counter-Current and Fractional Extraction / 例题 13-2. 逆流和分馏萃取的克雷姆塞尔解析法 / 498
13.4 Immiscible Single-Stage and Crossflow Extraction / 不互溶单级错流萃取 / 499
Example 13-3. Single-Stage and Crossflow Extraction of Protein / 例题 13-3. 蛋白质的单级错流萃取 / 500
13.5 Concentrated Immiscible Extraction / 浓溶液不互溶萃取 / 502
Example 13-4. Concentrated Immiscible Extraction / 例题13-4. 浓溶液不互溶萃取 / 503
13.6 Immiscible Batch Extraction / 不互溶间歇萃取 / 506
13.7 Extraction Equilibrium for Partially Miscible Ternary Systems / 部分互溶三元体系的萃取平衡 / 508
13.8 Mixing Calculations and the Lever-Arm Rule / 混合计算和杠杆规则 / 511
13.9 Partially Miscible Single-Stage and Crossflow Systems / 部分互溶单级错流体系 / 513
Example 13-5. Partially Miscible Single-Stage Extraction / 例题 13-5. 部分互溶单级萃取 / 513
13.10 Partially Miscible Countercurrent Extraction / 部分互溶逆流萃取 / 516
13.10.1 External Mass Balances / 全局物料质量衡算 / 516
13.10.2 Difference Points and Stage-by-Stage Calculations / 差点和逐级计算 / 517
13.10.3 Complete Partially Miscible Extraction Problem / 完整的部分互溶萃取问题 / 521
Example 13-6. Countercurrent Extraction / 例题13-6. 逆流萃取 / 521
13.11 Relationship Between McCabe-Thiele and Triangular Diagrams for Partially Miscible Systems / 部分互溶体系的麦凯布-蒂勒图与三角形相图关系 / 522
13.12 Minimum Solvent Rate for Partially Miscible Systems / 部分互溶体系的最小溶剂用量 / 523
13.13 Extraction Computer Simulations / 萃取的计算机模拟 / 525
13.14 Design of Mixer-Settlers / 混合澄清槽的设计 / 526
Example 13-7. Mixer-Settler Design / 例题13-7. 混合澄清槽的设计 / 527
References / 参考文献 / 537
Problems / 习题 / 538
Appendix. Computer Simulation of Extraction / 附录. 萃取的计算机模拟 / 545
Lab 12. Extraction / 实验12. 萃取 / 545
第14章 Washing, Leaching, and Supercritical Extraction
洗涤、浸取和超临界萃取 551
14.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要与教学目标 / 551
14.1 Generalized McCabe-Thiele and Kremser Procedures / 广义麦凯布-蒂勒和克雷姆塞尔程序 / 551
14.2 Washing / 洗涤 / 552
14.2.1 Continuous Washing / 连续洗涤 / 553
Example 14-1. Continuous Washing / 例题14-1. 连续洗涤 / 557
14.2.2 Batch Washing / 间歇洗涤 / 559
14.3 Leaching / 浸取 / 559
14.3.1 Leaching Analysis with Constant Flow Rates / 恒定流速下的浸取分析 / 561
14.3.2 Leaching Analysis with Variable Flow Rates / 可变流速下的浸取分析 / 562
Example 14-2. Leaching Calculation / 例题14-2. 浸取计算 / 562
14.3.3 Simulating Countercurrent Flow in Percolation Leaching / 逆流渗滤浸取过程模拟 / 564
14.4 Introduction to Supercritical Fluid Extraction / 超临界流体萃取简介 / 565
References / 参考文献 / 568
Problems / 习题 / 568
第15章 Introduction to Diffusion and Mass Transfer
扩散和传质简介 575
15.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要与教学目标 / 576
15.1 Molecular Movement Leads to Mass Transfer / 分子运动导致传质 / 577
15.2 Fickian Model of Diffusivity / 菲克扩散模型 / 578
15.2.1 Fick’s Law and the Fickian Definition of Diffusivity / 菲克定律与菲克扩散系数的定义 / 578
15.2.2 Steady-State Binary Fickian Diffusion and Mass Balances without Convection / 无对流的稳态二元菲克扩散和质量衡算 / 580
Example 15-1. Determination of Diffusivity in Dilute Binary Mixture / 例题15-1. 稀二元混合物中扩散系数的测定 / 580
Example 15-2. Steady-State Diffusion without Convection: Low-Temperature Evaporation / 例题 15-2. 无对流的稳态扩散:低温蒸发 / 582
15.2.3 Unsteady Binary Fickian Diffusion with No Convection (Optional) / 无对流的非稳态二元菲克扩散(可选) / 584
15.2.4 Steady-State Binary Fickian Diffusion and Mass Balances with Convection / 有对流的稳态二元菲克扩散和质量守恒 / 586
Example 15-3. Steady-State Diffusion with Convection: High-Temperature Evaporation / 例题 15-3. 有对流的稳态扩散:高温蒸发 / 589
15.3 Values and Correlations for Fickian Binary Diffusivities / 二元菲克扩散系数的数值和关联式 / 593
15.3.1 Fickian Binary Gas Diffusivities / 二元气体菲克扩散系数 / 593
Example 15-4. Estimation of Temperature Effect on Fickian Gas Diffusivity / 题 15-4. 温度对气体菲克扩散系数影响的估算 / 596
15.3.2 Fickian Binary Liquid Diffusivities / 二元液体菲克扩散系数 / 596
15.3.3 Numerical Solution with Variable Binary Diffusivity / 可变二元扩散系数的数值解 / 599
Example 15-5. Numerical Solution for Variable Diffusivity and Molar Concentration / 例题 15-5. 可变扩散系数和摩尔浓度的数值解 / 599
15.4 Linear Driving-Force Model of Mass Transfer for Binary Systems / 二元体系的线性推动力传质模型 / 601
15.4.1 Film Theory for Dilute and Equimolar Transfer Systems / 稀浓度等摩尔传质的双膜理论 / 602
15.4.2 Transfer through Stagnant Films: Absorbers and Strippers / 通过滞留膜的传质:吸收塔和解吸塔 / 605
15.4.3 Binary Mass Transfer to Expanding or Contracting Objects / 膨胀或收缩物体的二元传质 / 606
Example 15-6. Shrinking Diameter of Oxygen Bubble / 例题 15-6. 氧气气泡的收缩直径 / 609
15.4.4 Binary Mass Transfer to Expanding or Contracting Objects: Variable Mass Transfer Coefficient / 膨胀或收缩物体的二元传质:可变传质系数 / 613
Example 15-7. Sublimination of Solid Particle / 例题15-7.固体颗粒的升华 / 614
15.5 Correlations for Mass Transfer Coefficients / 传质系数的关联式 / 615
15.5.1 Dimensionless Groups / 无量纲数群 / 616
15.5.2 Theoretically Derived Mass Transfer Correlations / 理论推导的传质关联式 / 617
15.5.3 Semi-Empirical and Empirical Mass Transfer Coefficient Correlations / 半经验和经验的传质系数关联式 / 621
Example 15-8. Estimation of Mass Transfer Coefficients / 例题 15-8. 传质系数的估算 / 623
15.5.4 Correlations Based on Analogies / 基于类比法的关联式 / 625
15.6 Difficulties with Fickian Diffusion Model / 菲克扩散模型的难点 / 626
15.7 Maxwell-Stefan Model of Diffusion and Mass Transfer / 麦克斯韦-斯特藩扩散与传质模型 / 627
15.7.1 Introductory Development of the Maxwell-Stefan Theory of Diffusion / 麦克斯韦-斯特藩扩散理论入门 / 627
15.7.2 Maxwell-Stefan Equations for Binary Nonideal Systems / 二元非理想体系的麦克斯韦-斯特藩方程 / 629
15.7.3 Determining Independent Fluxes Nj,z / 确定独立通量Nj,z / 630
15.7.4 Maxwell-Stefan Difference Equation Formulations / 麦克斯韦-斯特藩差分方程表达式 / 631
15.7.5 Relationship between Maxwell-Stefan and Fickian Diffusivities / 麦克斯韦-斯特藩扩散系数与菲克扩散系数的关系 / 632
Example 15-9. Maxwell-Stefan Nonideal Binary Diffusion / 例题 15-9. 麦克斯韦-斯特藩非理想二元扩散 / 633
15.7.6 Ideal Ternary Systems / 理想三元体系 / 635
Example 15-10. Maxwell-Stefan Ideal Ternary System / 例题 15-10. 麦克斯韦-斯特藩理想三元体系 / 637
15.7.7 Ternary Mass Transfer to Expanding or Contracting Objects / 膨胀或收缩物体的三元传质 / 639
Example 15-11. Ternary Transfer from An Evaporating Drop / 例题 15-11. 蒸发液滴的三元传质 / 639
15.7.8 Nonideal Ternary Systems / 非理想三元体系 / 640
15.8 Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Diffusion and Mass Transfer Models / 不同扩散和传质模型的优缺点 / 641
15.9 Useful Approximate Values / 有用的近似值 / 642
References / 参考文献 / 642
Problems / 习题 / 643
Appendix. Spreadsheets for Examples 15-10 and 15-11 / 附录. 例题15-10和15-11用到的电子表格 / 650
第16章 Mass Transfer Analysis for Distillation, Absorption, Stripping, and Extraction
精馏、吸收、解吸和萃取的传质分析 653
16.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要与教学目标 / 653
16.1 HTU-NTU Analysis of Packed Distillation Columns / 填料精馏塔的HTU-NTU分析 / 653
Example 16-1. Distillation in A Packed Column / 例题 16-1. 填料精馏塔 / 659
16.2 Relationship of HETP and HTU / HETP和HTU的关系 / 661
16.3 Correlations for HTU Values for Packings / 填料HTU值的关联式 / 663
16.3.1 Bolles and Fair Correlation for HTU Values of Random Packings / 无规填料HTU值的博尔斯-费尔关联式/ 664
Example 16-2. Estimation of HG and HL / 例题 16-2. HG和HL的估算 / 665
16.3.2 Additional Correlations for Random and Structured Packings / 无规填料和规整填料的附加关联式 / 669
16.4 HTU-NTU Analysis of Absorbers and Strippers / 吸收塔和解吸塔的HTU-NTU分析 / 670
Example 16-3. Absorption of SO2 / 例题 16-3. SO2吸收 / 674
16.5 HTU-NTU Analysis of Cocurrent Absorbers / 并流吸收塔的HTU-NTU分析 / 675
16.6 Prediction of Distillation Tray Efficiency / 精馏塔板效率的预测 / 677
Example 16-4. Estimation of Distillation Stage Efficiency / 例题 16-4. 精馏塔板效率估算 / 678
16.7 Mass Transfer Analysis of Extraction / 萃取传质分析 / 679
16.7.1 Extraction Mass Transfer Equations and HTU-NTU Analysis / 萃取传质方程与HTU-NTU分析 / 680
16.7.2 Calculation of Stage Efficiency in Extraction Mixers / 萃取混合器的级效率计算 / 681
Example 16-5. Conversion of Mass Transfer Coefficients and Estimation of Mixer Stage Efficiency / 例题 16-5. 传质系数换算和混合器级效率估算 / 684
16.7.3 Drop Size in Mixers / 混合器中的液滴尺寸 / 686
16.7.4 Mass Transfer Coefficients in Mixers / 混合器中的传质系数 / 687
16.7.4.1 Mixer Mass Transfer Coefficients for Individual Drops (Optional) / 混合器中单个液滴的传质系数(可选) / 687
16.7.4.2 Mass Transfer Coefficients for Drop Swarms in Mixers / 混合器中液滴群的传质系数 / 688
16.7.4.3 Conservative Estimation of Mass Transfer Coefficients for Extraction / 萃取传质系数的保守估算 / 689
16.8 Rate-Based Analysis of Distillation / 基于速率的精馏分析 / 690
References / 参考文献 / 693
Problems / 习题 / 695
Appendix. Computer Rate-Based Simulation of Distillation / 附录. 基于速率的精馏计算机模拟 / 702
Lab 13. Rate-Based Modeling of Distillation / 实验 13. 基于速率的精馏模拟 / 702
第17章 Crystallization from Solution
溶液结晶 705
17.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要与教学目标 / 706
17.1 Basic Principles of Crystallization from Solution / 溶液结晶的基本原理 / 706
17.1.1 Crystallization Processes / 结晶过程 / 706
17.1.2 Binary Equilibrium and Crystallizer Types / 二元相平衡和结晶器类型 / 708
17.2 Continuous Cooling Crystallizers / 连续冷却结晶器 / 712
17.2.1 Equilibrium and Mass Balances for Single Solute Producing Pure Solute Crystals / 单一溶质纯晶体的相平衡和质量衡算 / 713
Example 17-1. Continuous Cooling Crystallizer Mass Balances without Hydrates / 例题 17-1. 非水合物连续冷却结晶器的质量衡算 / 714
Example 17-2. Continuous Cooling Crystallizer Mass Balances for Hydrates / 例题 17-2. 水合物连续冷却结晶器的质量衡算 / 714
Example 17-3. Mixing Solutions When Hydrates Are Dissolved in Water / 例题 17-3.水合物溶于水时的溶液 / 716
17.2.2 Binary Eutectic Systems / 二元共熔体系 / 717
Example 17-4. Eutectic Equilibrium and Mass Balances / 例题 17-4. 共熔平衡和质量衡算 / 718
17.2.3 Deicing with Eutectic Systems / 共熔体系除冰 / 719
17.2.4 Eutectic Freeze Concentration (EFC) / 共熔冷冻浓缩 / 720
17.2.5 Solid Solutions / 固溶体 / 721
17.3 Evaporative and Vacuum Crystallizers / 蒸发结晶器和真空结晶器 / 722
17.3.1 Equipment / 设备 / 722
17.3.2 Analysis of Evaporative Crystallizers for Single-Solute Systems for Producing Pure Solute Crystals / 纯晶体单一溶质蒸发结晶器分析 / 724
Example 17-5. Evaporative Crystallizer without Hydrate / 例题 17-5. 非水合物蒸发结晶器 / 725
Example 17-6. Evaporative Crystallizer with Hydrate / 例题 17-6. 水合物蒸发结晶器 / 725
17.3.3 Simultaneous Mass, Energy, and Equilibrium Calculations / 质量、能量与相平衡的联立求解 / 726
Example 17-7. Vacuum Crystallizer: Simultaneous Mass, Energy, and Equilibrium Calculations / 例题 17-7. 真空结晶器:质量、能量与相平衡的联立求解 / 728
17.4 Experimental Crystal Size Distribution / 晶体粒度分布的实验测定 / 729
Example 17-8. Screen Analysis of Crystallization Data / 例题 17-8. 结晶数据的筛分分析 / 731
17.5 Introduction to Population Balances / 粒数衡算简介 / 734
17.6 Crystal Size Distributions for MSMPR Crystallizers / MSMPR结晶器的晶体粒度分布 / 736
17.6.1 Crystal Nucleation and Growth / 晶体成核与生长 / 737
17.6.2 Development of MSMPR Equation and Determination of G and no from Experiment / MSMPR结晶器方程的建立及晶体生长速率(G)和晶核粒数密度(no)的实验测定 / 740
Example 17-9. Determination of Kinetic Parameters from Screen Analysis Data / 例题 17-9. 从晶体筛分数据确定动力学参数 / 741
17.6.3 Development and Application of Distributions for MSMPR Crystallizers / MSMPR结晶器分布特性的建立与应用 / 742
Example 17-10. Use of Differential Mass Distribution to Analyze Screen Analysis Data / 例题 17-10. 使用差分质量分布分析筛分数据 / 745
Example 17-11. Prediction of Sieve Analysis / 例题 17-11. 筛分分析预测 / 746
Example 17-12. Combination of Equilibrium and MSMPR Distribution / 例题 17-12. 相平衡与MSMPR分布的组合 / 747
17.7 Seeding / 加晶种 / 749
17.7.1 CSD Analysis for Growth on Seeds in Continuous Crystallizers / 连续结晶器中晶种生长的CSD分析 / 750
Example 17-13. CSD of Seeded Crystallizer / 例题 17-13. 加晶种结晶器的CSD分析 / 751
17.7.2 Controlling Crystal Size by Seeding / 加晶种控制晶体尺寸 / 753
Example 17-14. Increasing Crystal Size with Seeding / 例题 17-14. 通过加晶种增大晶体尺寸 / 753
17.8 Scaleup / 放大 / 754
17.9 Batch and Semibatch Crystallization / 间歇和半间歇结晶 / 756
17.9.1 Temperature Control for Batch Cooling Crystallizers / 间歇式冷却结晶器的温度控制 / 756
17.9.2 Antisolvent Crystallization / 反溶剂结晶 / 758
Example 17-15. Antisolvent and Temperature Reduction Crystallization / 例题 17-15. 反溶剂和降温结晶 / 759
17.10 Precipitation / 沉淀 / 761
17.10.1 Precipitation by Antisolvent Addition / 反溶剂法沉淀 / 761
17.10.2 Precipitation by Salting Out / 盐析沉淀 / 762
Example 17-16. Salting out with A Common Ion / 例题 17-16. 同离子盐析 / 762
References / 参考文献 / 764
Problems / 习题 / 765
Appendix. Spreadsheet / 附录. 电子表格 / 772
第18章 Melt Crystallization
熔融结晶 773
18.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要与教学目标 / 773
18.1 Equilibrium Calculations for Melt Crystallization / 熔融结晶的平衡计算 / 774
18.1.1 Binary Eutectic Systems / 二元共熔体系 / 774
Example 18-1. Eutectic Equilibrium and Mass Balances / 例题 18-1. 共熔相平衡和质量衡算 / 775
18.1.2 Eutectic Equilibrium from Freezing Point Lowering Data / 从凝固点下降数据获得共熔相平衡 / 777
Example 18-2. Part A. Equilibrium from Freezing Point Data / 例题 18-2. Part A. 从凝固点数据建立相平衡 / 777
Example 18-2. Part B. Equilibrium from Activity Coefficients / 例题 18-2. Part B. 由活度系数建立相平衡 / 778
18.1.3 Linear Equilibrium for Non-eutectic Melt Crystallization / 非共熔熔融结晶的线性平衡关系 / 779
18.2 Suspension Melt Crystallization / 悬浮熔融结晶 / 780
18.2.1 Process / 过程 / 780
18.2.2 Entrainment / 夹带 / 781
Example 18-3. Entrainment Effects / 例题 18-3. 夹带效应 / 782
18.2.3 Wash Columns / 洗涤塔 / 784
18.2.4 Heat Transfer in Suspension Melt Crystallization / 悬浮熔融结晶中的传热 / 786
18.2.5 Film Mass Transfer in Suspension Melt Crystallization / 悬浮熔融结晶中的膜内传质 / 789
18.2.6 MSMPR and Seeded Crystallizer Analysis in Suspension Melt Crystallization / 悬浮熔融结晶过程的MSMPR和加晶种结晶器分析 / 792
18.3 Introduction to Solid-Layer Crystallization Processes: Progressive Freezing / 固相层熔融结晶过程简介:逐步冷冻法 / 793
18.3.1 Heat and Mass Transfer in Progressive Freezing / 逐步冷冻中的传热和传质 / 793
18.3.2 Mass Balances and Impurity Levels / 质量衡算和杂质含量 / 795
18.3.3 Heat and Mass Transfer Correlations for Progressive Freezing / 逐步冷冻的传热和传质关系 / 796
18.3.4 Growth of the Crystal Layer in Progressive Freezing / 逐步冷冻过程中晶体层的生长 / 798
Example 18-4. Preliminary Calculations for Progressive Freezing / 例题 18-4. 逐步冷冻的初步计算 / 800
Example 18-5. Concentrated Progressive Freezing / 例题 18-5. 逐步冷冻的严密计算 / 802
18.3.5 Interpretation and Conclusions from Progressive Freezing Analysis / 逐步冷冻分析的解释和结论 / 804
18.3.6 Progressive Freezing of Dilute, Non-eutectic, Linear Systems / 稀溶液、非共熔、线性体系的逐步冷冻 / 806
Example 18-6. Dilute Progressive Freezing / 例题 18-6. 稀溶液逐步冷冻 / 807
18.4 Static Solid-Layer Melt Crystallization Process / 静态固相层熔融结晶过程 / 808
18.5 Dynamic Solid-Layer Melt Crystallization / 动态固相层熔融结晶 / 809
18.5.1 Staging Falling-Film Crystallizers / 分级降膜结晶器 / 810
18.5.2 Mass and Energy Balances and Crystal Growth / 质量和能量衡算与晶体生长 / 811
18.5.3 Heat and Mass Transfer Correlations for Falling Films / 降膜的传热传质关系 / 814
Example 18-7. Falling-Film Crystallizer / 例题18-7. 降膜结晶器 / 815
Comments on the Solution Method and the Example / 对求解方法和实例的评价 / 819
18.6 Zone Melting / 区域熔融 / 819
Example 18-8. Zone Melting / 例题 18-8. 区域熔融 / 823
18.7 Post-Crystallization Processing / 结晶后处理 / 824
18.8 Scaleup / 放大 / 827
18.9 Hybrid Crystallization-Distillation Processes / 结晶和精馏的耦合过程 / 828
Example 18-9. Hybrid Crystallization-Distillation Process / 例题 18-9. 结晶-精馏耦合过程 / 830
18.10 Predictions / 预测 / 833
18.10.1 Epitaph for Column Suspension Melt Crystallization Systems / 柱式悬浮熔融结晶系统的谢幕 / 833
18.10.2 The Future of Static Solid-Layer Melt Crystallization / 静态固相层熔融结晶的发展趋势 / 834
References / 参考文献 / 834
Problems / 习题 / 836
第19章 Introduction to Membrane Separation Processes
膜分离过程简介 841
19.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要与教学目标 / 844
19.1 Membrane Separation Equipment / 膜分离设备 / 844
19.2 Membrane Concepts / 膜概念 / 847
19.3 Gas Permeation (GP) / 气体渗透 / 850
19.3.1 GP of Binary Mixtures / 二元混合气的渗透 / 851
19.3.2 Binary Permeation in Perfectly Mixed Systems / 理想混合体系中的二元渗透 / 853
Example 19-1. Well-Mixed GP—Sequential, Analytical Solution / 例题19-1. 充分混合气体渗透—序贯分析求解 / 856
Example 19-2. Well-Mixed GP—Simultaneous Solutions / 例题 19-2. 充分混合气体渗透—同步求解 / 857
19.3.3 Multicomponent Permeation in Perfectly Mixed Systems / 理想混合体系中的多组分渗透 / 861
Example 19-3. Multicomponent, Perfectly Mixed GP / 例题19-3. 多组分理想混合气体的渗透 / 862
19.3.4 Effect of Pores and Holes in Membrane / 膜中孔道和孔洞的影响 / 863
Example 19-4. Effect of Holes / 例题 19-4. 孔洞的影响 / 864
19.4 Osmosis and Reverse Osmosis (RO) / 渗透和反渗透 / 865
19.4.1 Analysis of Osmosis / 渗透过程分析 / 866
19.4.2 Analysis of RO / 反渗透过程分析 / 868
19.4.3 RO in Well-Mixed Modules / 均质模块中的反渗透 / 870
Example 19-5. Determination of RO Membrane Properties / 例题 19-5. 反渗透膜性能测定 / 871
Example 19-6. RO without Concentration Polarization / 例题 19-6. 无浓差极化的反渗透 / 873
19.4.4 Mass Transfer Analysis of Concentration Polarization / 浓差极化的传质分析 / 874
Example 19-7. RO with Concentration Polarization / 例题 19-7. 有浓差极化的反渗透 / 876
Example 19-8. Prediction of RO Performance with Concentration Polarization / 例题 19-8. 有浓差极化的反渗透性能预测 / 878
19.4.5 Forward Osmosis (FO) / 正向渗透 / 879
19.5 Ultrafiltration (UF)` / 超滤 / 881
19.5.1 UF Membranes and Basic Equations / 超滤膜和基本方程 / 882
19.5.2 Gel Formation in UF / 超滤中的凝胶形成 / 884
Example 19-9. UF with Gel Formation / 例题 19-9. 产生凝胶的超滤 / 885
19.5.3 UF Operating Methods / 超滤操作方法 / 886
19.5.4 Microfiltration (MF) / 微滤 / 887
Example 19-10. Part I. MF with Small Particles / 例题 19-10. Part I. 含小颗粒的微滤 / 888
Example 19-10. Part II. MF with Particles > 1.0 μm / 例题 19-10. Part II. 大于1?m颗粒的微滤 / 889
19.5.5 Tricky Units / 棘手的单位 / 890
19.6 Pervaporation / 渗透汽化 / 891
19.6.1 Pervaporation Basics / 渗透汽化基础 / 891
19.6.2 Pervaporation Design Using Experimental Data / 使用实验数据的渗透汽化设计 / 894
Example 19-11. Part I. Pervap—Feasibility Calculation / 例题 19-11. Part I. 渗透汽化—可行性计算 / 896
Example 19-11. Part II. Development of A Feasible Design / 例题 19-11. Part II. 建立可行的渗透汽化过程 / 897
19.6.3 Theoretical Analysis and Design of Pervaporation Systems / 渗透汽化系统的理论分析与设计 / 898
Example 19-12. Analysis of Pervaporation Data / 例题 19-12. 渗透汽化数据分析 / 899
19.7 Bulk Flow Pattern Effects / 主体流型效应 / 902
Example 19-13. Flow Pattern Effects in GP / 例题 19-13. 气体渗透中的流型效应 / 902
19.7.1 Binary Crossflow Permeation / 二元错流渗透 / 903
19.7.2 Binary Cocurrent and Countercurrent Permeation / 二元并流和逆流渗透 / 905
References / 参考文献 / 905
Problems / 习题 / 907
Appendix A. Spreadsheet for Crossflow GP / 附录 A. 用于错流气体渗透计算的电子表格 / 918
第20章 Introduction to Adsorption, Chromatography, and Ion Exchange
吸附、色谱和离子交换简介 923
20.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要与教学目标 / 924
20.1 Adsorbents and Adsorption Equilibrium / 吸附剂和吸附平衡 / 924
20.1.1 Definitions / 定义 / 924
20.1.2 Adsorbent Types / 吸附剂类型 / 926
20.1.3 Adsorption Equilibrium Behavior / 吸附平衡行为 / 929
Example 20-1. Adsorption Equilibrium / 例题 20-1. 吸附平衡 / 932
20.2 Solute Movement Analysis for Linear Systems: Basics and Applications to Chromatography / 线性吸附的溶质迁移分析:色谱的基础和应用 / 935
20.2.1 Movement of Solute in a Column / 溶质在床层内的迁移 / 935
20.2.2 Solute Movement Theory for Linear Isotherms / 线性等温吸附下的溶质迁移理论 / 937
20.2.3 Application of Linear Solute Movement Theory to Purge Cycles and Elution Chromatography / 线性溶质迁移理论在吹扫循环和洗脱色谱中的应用 / 938
Example 20-2. Linear Solute Movement Analysis of Elution Chromatography / 例题 20-2. 洗脱色谱的线性溶质迁移分析 / 939
20.3 Solute Movement Analysis for Linear Systems: Temperature and Pressure Swing Adsorption and Simulated Moving Beds / 线性系统的溶质迁移分析:变温/变压吸附和模拟移动床 / 942
20.3.1 Temperature Swing Adsorption / 变温吸附 / 942
Example 20-3. Thermal Regeneration with Linear Isotherm / 例题 20-3. 线性等温吸附下的热再生 / 945
20.3.2 Pressure Swing Adsorption / 变压吸附 / 950
Example 20-4. PSA System / 例题 20-4. 变压吸附案例 / 952
20.3.3 Simulated Moving Beds / 模拟移动床 / 957
Example 20-5. SMB System / 例题 20-5. 模拟移动床案例 / 960
20.4 Nonlinear Solute Movement Analysis / 非线性溶质迁移分析 / 963
20.4.1 Diffuse Waves / 扩散波 / 963
Example 20-6. Diffuse Wave / 例题 20-6. 扩散波 / 964
20.4.2 Shock Waves / 冲击波 / 966
Example 20-7. Self-sharpening Shock Wave / 例题 20-7. 自锐化冲击波 / 968
20.5 Ion Exchange / 离子交换 / 970
20.5.1 Ion-Exchange Equilibrium / 离子交换平衡 / 972
20.5.2 Movement of Ions / 离子运动 / 974
Example 20-8. Ion Movement for Divalent-Monovalent Exchange / 例题 20-8. 二价-单价交换的离子运动 / 975
References / 参考文献 / 978
Problems / 习题 / 980
第21章 Mass Transfer Analysis of Adsorption, Chromatography, and Ion Exchange
吸附、色谱和离子交换的传质分析 991
21.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要与教学目标 / 991
21.1 Mass and Energy Transfer in Packed Beds / 填充床的质量和能量传递 / 991
21.1.1 Mass Transfer and Diffusion / 传质与扩散 / 992
21.1.2 Column Mass Balances / 床层质量衡算 / 994
21.1.3 Lumped Parameter Mass Transfer / 集总传质参数 / 994
21.1.4 Energy Balances and Heat Transfer / 能量衡算与传热 / 998
21.1.5 Derivation of Solute Movement Theory / 溶质迁移理论的推导 / 999
21.1.6 Detailed Simulators / 相关仿真软件/ 1000
21.2 Mass Transfer Solutions for Linear Systems / 线性吸附下的传质解 / 1000
21.2.1 Lapidus and Amundson Solution for Local Equilibrium with Dispersion in Liquids / 拉皮德斯和阿蒙森关于液体局部扩散平衡的解 / 1000
21.2.2 Superposition in Linear Systems / 线性系统中的叠加 / 1002
Example 21-1. Lapidus and Amundson Solution for Elution / 例题 21-1. 洗脱过程的拉皮德斯和阿蒙森解 / 1003
21.2.3 Linear Chromatography / 线性色谱 / 1004
Example 21-2. Determination of Linear Isotherm Parameters, N, and Resolution for Linear Chromatography / 例题 21-2. 线性等温线参数N的测定和线性色谱的分离度/ 1006
21.3 Nonlinear Systems / 非线性吸附体系 / 1008
21.3.1 Constant Pattern Analysis / 恒定模式分析 / 1008
Example 21-3. Development of Constant Pattern Solution / 例题 21-3. 恒定模式解的推导 / 1010
Example 21-4. Constant Pattern Calculation / 例题 21-4. 恒定模式计算 / 1011
21.3.2 Length of Unused Bed Approach for Constant Patterns / 恒定模式下的未用床层高度 / 1013
21.3.3 Scaling LUB and Constant Pattern Systems / 恒定模式下未用床层高度的放大 / 1015
Example 21-5. Scaling LUB Approach with Pore Diffusion Control / 例题 21-5. 孔扩散控制的未用床层高度放大方法 / 1016
21.3.4 Data Mining Breakthrough Experiments / 数据挖掘穿透实验 / 1018
21.3.5 Review of Proportional Pattern Options / 比例模式选项的回顾 / 1019
21.4 Checklist for Practical Design and Operation / 实用设计与运行检查清单 / 1019
References / 参考文献 / 1021
Problems / 习题 / 1022
Appendix. Aspen Chromatography Simulator / 附录. Aspen 色谱模拟 / 1030
Lab AC1. Introduction to Aspen Chromatography / 实验 AC1. Aspen 色谱介绍 / 1031
Lab AC2. Convergence for Linear Isotherms / 实验 AC2. 线性等温线的收敛 / 1035
Lab AC3. Convergence for Nonlinear Isotherms / 实验 AC3. 非线性等温线的收敛 / 1036
Lab AC4. Cycle Organizer / 实验 AC4. 循环管理器 / 1038
Lab AC5. Flow Reversal/ 实验 AC5. 回流 / 1041
Lab AC6. Ion Exchange / 实验 AC6. 离子交换 / 1045
Lab AC7. SMB and TMB / 实验 AC7. 模拟移动床和真实移动床 / 1048
Lab AC8. Thermal Systems / 实验 AC8. 变温体系 / 1051
Answers to Selected Problems
答案 1057
符号表
第1章 Introduction to Separation Process Engineering
分离工程简介 1
1.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要与教学目标/ 1
1.1 Importance of Separations / 分离的重要性 / 1
1.2 Concept of Equilibrium / 平衡的概念 / 3
1.3 Mass Transfer Concepts / 传质的概念 / 4
1.4 Problem-Solving Methods / 问题解决方法 / 5
1.5 Units / 单位 / 6
1.6 Computers and Computer Simulations / 计算机与计算模拟 / 7
1.7 Prerequisite Material / 预习资料 / 7
1.8 Other Resources on Separation Process Engineering / 分离工程的其他资源 / 9
References / 参考文献 / 10
Problems / 习题 / 11
第2章 Flash Distillation
闪蒸 13
2.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要与教学目标 / 13
2.1 Basic Method of Flash Distillation / 闪蒸的基本方法 / 13
2.2 Form and Sources of Equilibrium Data / 平衡数据的形式和来源 / 15
2.3 Binary VLE / 二元汽液平衡 / 17
2.3.1 Graphical Binary VLE / 二元汽液平衡相图 / 18
2.3.2 Binary VLE Equations / 二元汽液平衡方程 / 22
2.4 Binary Flash Distillation / 二元闪蒸 / 26
2.4.1 Sequential Solution Procedure / 顺序求解法 / 26
Example 2-1. Flash Distillation of Ethanol and Water / 例题 2-1. 乙醇和水的闪蒸 / 28
2.4.2 Simultaneous Solution Procedure / 同步求解法 / 30
2.4.3 Simultaneous Solution on Enthalpy-Composition Diagram / 利用焓-组成图同步求解 / 31
2.5 Multicomponent VLE / 多组分汽液平衡 / 32
2.6 Multicomponent Flash Distillation / 多组分闪蒸 / 36
Example 2-2. Multicomponent Flash Distillation / 例题 2-2. 多组分闪蒸 / 38
2.7 Simultaneous Multicomponent Convergence / 多组分同步收敛 / 40
Example 2-3. Simultaneous Solution for Multicomponent Flash Distillation / 例题 2-3. 多组分闪蒸的同步求解 / 42
2.8 Three-Phase Flash Calculations / 三相闪蒸计算 / 45
2.9 Size Calculation / 设备尺寸计算 / 45
Example 2-4. Calculation of Drum Size / 例题 2-4. 闪蒸罐尺寸计算 / 48
2.10 Using Existing Flash Drums / 闪蒸罐利旧 / 50
References / 参考文献 / 51
Problems / 习题 / 52
Appendix A. Computer Simulation of Flash Distillation / 附录A. 闪蒸的计算机模拟 / 62
Lab 1. Introduction to Aspen Plus / 实验1. Aspen Plus简介 / 62
Lab 2. Flash Distillation / 实验2. 闪蒸 / 69
Appendix B. Spreadsheets for Flash Distillation / 附录B. 用于闪蒸计算的电子表格 / 72
2.B.1. Binary Flash Distillation with Excel / 用Excel进行二元闪蒸计算 / 72
Example 2-B1. Binary Flash Distillation of Ethanol-Water / 例题 2-B1. 乙醇-水的二元闪蒸 / 72
2.B.2. Multicomponent Flash Distillation with Excel / 用Excel进行多组分闪蒸计算 / 73
第3章 Introduction to Column Distillation
精馏塔简介 75
3.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要与教学目标 / 75
3.1 Developing a Distillation Cascade / 多级蒸馏的建立 / 75
3.2 Tray Column Distillation Equipment / 板式精馏塔 / 82
3.3 Safety / 安全性 / 84
3.4 Specifications / 规定变量 / 86
3.5 External Column Balances / 全塔衡算 / 88
Example 3-1. External Balances for Binary Distillation / 例题 3-1. 二元精馏的全塔衡算 / 91
References / 参考文献 / 92
Problems / 习题 / 92
第4章 Binary Column Distillation: Internal Stage-by-Stage Balances
二元精馏塔的逐级衡算 99
4.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要与教学目标 / 99
4.1 Internal Balances / 塔内衡算 / 99
4.2 Binary Stage-by-Stage Solution Methods / 二元逐级求解方法 / 103
Example 4-1. Stage-by-Stage Calculations by the Lewis Method / 例题 4-1. 路易斯法逐级计算 / 107
4.3 Introduction to the McCabe-Thiele Method / 麦凯布-蒂勒图解法简介 / 109
4.4 Feed Line /进料线 / 113
Example 4-2. Feed Line Calculations / 例题 4-2. 进料方程计算 / 117
4.5 Complete McCabe-Thiele Method / 麦凯布-蒂勒图解法 / 120
Example 4-3. McCabe-Thiele Method / 例题 4-3. 麦凯布-蒂勒图解法 / 120
4.6 Profiles for Binary Distillation / 二元精馏塔内分布曲线 / 123
4.7 Open Steam Heating / 直接蒸汽加热 / 125
Example 4-4. McCabe-Thiele Analysis of Open Steam Heating / 例题 4-4. 麦凯布-蒂勒法分析直接蒸汽加热的精馏过程 / 125
4.8 General McCabe-Thiele Analysis Procedure / 麦凯布-蒂勒法通用分析过程 / 129
Example 4-5. Distillation with Two Feeds / 例题 4-5. 双进料精馏过程 / 130
4.9 Other Distillation Column Situations / 其他 / 134
4.9.1 Partial Condensers / 分凝器 / 134
4.9.2 Total Reboilers / 全沸器 / 135
4.9.3 Side Streams or Withdrawal Lines / 侧线加料或侧线采出 / 136
4.9.4 Intermediate Reboilers and Intermediate Condensers / 中间再沸器和中间冷凝器 / 137
4.9.5 Stripping and Enriching Columns / 提馏段和浓缩段 / 138
4.9.6 Column Flash Distillation / 闪蒸塔 / 140
4.10 Limiting Operating Conditions / 极限操作条件 / 141
4.11 Efficiencies / 级效率 / 143
4.12 Subcooled Reflux and Superheated Boilup / 过冷回流和过热再沸 / 145
4.13 Simulation Problems / 精馏模拟问题 / 146
4.14 New Uses for Old Columns / 精馏塔利旧 / 148
4.15 Comparisons between Analytical and Graphical Methods / 分析法和图解法比较 / 149
References / 参考文献 / 150
Problems / 习题 / 150
Appendix A. Computer Simulation of Binary Distillation / 附录 A. 二元精馏的计算机模拟 / 165
Lab 3. Binary Distillation / 实验 3. 二元精馏 / 165
Appendix B. Spreadsheet for Binary Distillation / 附录 B. 用于二元精馏计算的电子表格 / 169
Example 4-B1. Binary Distillation of Ethanol-Water / 例题 4-B1. 乙醇-水二元精馏 / 169
第5章 Introduction to Multicomponent Distillation
多组分精馏简介 171
5.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要与教学目标 / 171
5.1 Calculational Difficulties of Multicomponent Distillation / 多组分精馏计算的难点 / 171
Example 5-1. External Mass Balances Using Fractional Recoveries / 例题 5-1. 利用组分回收率进行全塔物料质量衡算 / 174
5.2 Profiles for Multicomponent Distillation / 多组分精馏分布曲线 / 176
5.3 Stage-by-Stage Calculations for CMO / CMO的逐级计算 / 181
Example 5-2. Bubble-Point Calculation / 例题 5-2. 泡点计算 / 183
References / 参考文献 / 186
Problems / 习题 / 187
Appendix A. Simplified Spreadsheet for Stage-by-Stage Calculations for Ternary Distillation / 附录 A. 三元精馏逐级计算的简捷电子表格 / 192
Example 5-A1. Stage-by-Stage Calculations for Stripping Column / 例题 5-A1. 提馏段的逐级计算 / 192
第6章 Exact Calculation Procedures for Multicomponent Distillation
多组分精馏的严格计算 195
6.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要与教学目标 / 195
6.1 Introduction to Matrix Solution for Multicomponent Distillation / 多组分精馏的矩阵求解简介 / 195
6.2 Component Mass Balances in Matrix Form /矩阵形式的组分质量衡算 / 196
6.3 Initial Guesses for Flow Rates and Temperatures / 流量和温度的初步估算 / 200
6.4 Temperature Convergence / 温度收敛 / 201
Example 6-1. Matrix and Bubble-Point Calculations / 例题 6-1. 矩阵和泡点计算 / 201
6.5 Energy Balances in Matrix Form / 矩阵形式的能量衡算 / 203
6.6 Introduction to Naphtali-Sandholm Simultaneous Convergence Method
Naphtali-Sandholm同步收敛法简介 / 206
6.7 Discussion / 讨论 / 207
References / 参考文献 / 208
Problems / 习题 / 208
Appendix. Computer Simulations for Multicomponent Column Distillation / 附录. 多组分塔式精馏的计算模拟 / 214
Lab 4. Simulation of Multicomponent Distillation / 实验 4. 多组分精馏模拟 / 214
Lab 5. Pressure Effects and Tray Efficiencies / 实验5. 压力的影响和塔板效率 / 216
Lab 6. Coupled Columns / 实验6. 多塔精馏 / 220
第7章 Approximate Shortcut Methods for Multicomponent Distillation
多组分精馏的简捷算法 223
7.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要与教学目标 / 223
7.1 Total Reflux: Fenske Equation / 全回流:芬斯克方程 / 223
Example 7-1. Fenske Equation / 例题 7-1. 芬斯克方程 / 227
7.2 Minimum Reflux: Underwood Equations / 最小回流:安德伍德方程 / 228
Example 7-2. Underwood Equations / 例题 7-2. 安德伍德方程 / 231
7.3 Gilliland Correlation for Number of Stages at Finite Reflux Ratios / 有限回流比下理论塔板数的吉利兰关联图 / 231
Example 7-3. Gilliland Correlation / 例题 7-3. 吉利兰关联图 / 233
References / 参考文献 / 234
Problems / 习题 / 235
第8章 Introduction to Complex Distillation Methods
特殊精馏简介 241
8.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要与教学目标 / 241
8.1 Breaking Azeotropes with Hybrid Separations / 分离过程耦合破除共沸 / 241
8.2 Binary Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation Processes / 二元非均相共沸精馏过程 / 243
8.2.1 Binary Heterogeneous Azeotropes—Single-Column System / 二元非均相共沸物—单塔系统 / 243
8.2.2 Drying Organic Compounds That Are Almost Immiscible with Water / 与水几乎不混溶有机物的脱水 / 245
Example 8-1. Drying Benzene by Distillation / 例题 8-1. 精馏法干燥苯 / 246
8.2.3 Binary Heterogeneous Azeotropes—Two-Column Systems / 二元非均相共沸物—双塔系统 / 249
8.3 Continuous Steam Distillation / 连续水蒸气蒸馏 / 251
8.3.1 Equilibrium / 平衡 / 251
8.3.2 One-Stage Continuous Steam Distillation / 单级连续水蒸气蒸馏 / 252
Example 8-2. Single-Stage Continuous Steam Distillation / 例题 8-2. 单级连续水蒸气蒸馏 / 252
8.3.3 Continuous Steam Distillation with Multiple Stages / 多级连续水蒸气蒸馏 / 255
8.4 Pressure-Swing Distillation Processes / 变压精馏过程 / 257
8.5 Complex Ternary Distillation Systems / 复杂三元精馏系统 / 259
8.5.1 Distillation Curves / 精馏曲线 / 260
Example 8-3. Development of Distillation Curves for Constant Relative Volatility / 例题 8-3. 恒定相对挥发度的精馏曲线绘制 / 263
8.5.2 Residue Curves / 剩余曲线 / 264
8.5.3 Mass Balances on Distillation Curve and Residue Curve Diagrams / 用精馏曲线和剩余曲线图进行质量衡算 / 266
8.6 Extractive Distillation / 萃取精馏 / 266
8.7 Azeotropic Distillation with Added Solvent / 添加溶剂的恒沸精馏 / 271
8.8 Distillation with Chemical Reaction / 反应精馏 / 274
References / 参考文献 / 277
Problems / 习题 / 278
Appendix A. Simulation of Complex Distillation Systems / 附录 A. 复杂精馏系统的模拟 / 292
Lab 7. Pressure-Swing Distillation for Separating Azeotropes / 实验 7. 变压精馏分离共沸物 / 292
Lab 8. Binary Distillation of Systems with Heterogeneous Azeotropes / 实验 8. 非均相二元共沸体系的精馏过程 / 295
Lab 9. Simulation of Extractive Distillation / 实验 9. 萃取精馏模拟 / 298
Appendix B. Spreadsheet for Distillation Curve Generation for Constant Relative Volatility at Total Reflux / 附录 B. 用于恒定相对挥发度时绘制全回流条件下精馏曲线的电子表格 / 302
第9章 Batch Distillation
间歇蒸馏 303
9.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要与教学目标 / 303
9.1 Introduction to Batch Distillation / 间歇蒸馏简介 / 303
9.2 Batch Distillation: Rayleigh Equation / 间歇蒸馏:瑞利方程 / 305
9.2.1 Mixed Distillate Product / 混合馏出物产品 / 305
9.2.2 Distillate Product Fractions / 馏出物产品组成 / 306
9.3 Simple Binary Batch Distillation / 简单二元间歇蒸馏 / 307
Example 9-1. Simple Binary Rayleigh Distillation / 例题 9-1. 简单二元瑞利蒸馏 / 309
9.4 Constant-Mole Batch Distillation / 恒摩尔量间歇蒸馏 / 312
Example 9-2. Solvent Exchange by Constant-Mole Batch Distillation / 例题 9-2. 恒摩尔量间歇蒸馏进行溶剂置换 / 313
9.5 Batch Steam Distillation / 间歇水蒸气蒸馏 / 314
Example 9-3. Batch Steam Distillation / 例题 9-3. 间歇水蒸气蒸馏 / 315
9.6 Multistage Binary Batch Distillation / 多级二元间歇精馏 / 317
9.6.1 Constant Reflux Ratio / 恒回流比 / 317
Example 9-4. Multistage Batch Distillation / 例题 9-4. 多级间歇精馏 / 318
9.6.2 Variable Reflux Ratio / 变回流比 / 320
9.7 Multicomponent Simple Batch Distillation and Residue Curve Calculations / 多组分简单间歇蒸馏和剩余曲线计算 / 321
Example 9-5. Multicomponent Simple Batch Distillation / 例题 9-5. 多组分简单间歇蒸馏 / 322
9.8 Operating Time / 操作时间 / 324
References / 参考文献 / 326
Problems / 习题 / 326
Appendix A. Calculations for Simple Multicomponent Batch Distillation and Residue Curve Analysis / 附录 A. 简单多组分间歇蒸馏及剩余曲线分析 / 334
第10章 Staged and Packed Column Design
板式塔和填料塔设计 337
10.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要与教学目标 / 337
10.1 Staged Column Equipment Description / 板式塔设备概述 / 338
10.1.1 Trays, Downcomers, and Weirs / 塔板、降液管和溢流堰 / 339
10.1.2 Inlets and Outlets / 进料口和出料口 / 341
10.2 Tray Efficiencies / 塔板效率 / 344
10.2.1 Efficiency Definitions / 效率的定义 / 344
10.2.2 Prediction of Efficiencies / 效率的预测 / 346
Example 10-1. Overall Efficiency Estimation / 例题 10-1. 全塔效率估算 / 348
10.2.3 Laboratory and Pilot Plant Data / 实验室和中试数据 / 349
10.3 Column Diameter Calculations / 塔径计算 / 350
Example 10-2. Diameter Calculation for Tray Column / 例题 10-2. 板式塔直径的计算 / 354
10.4 Balancing Calculated Diameters / 平衡计算塔径/ 355
10.5 Sieve Tray Layout and Tray Hydraulics / 筛板塔盘布置和塔板水力学 / 357
Example 10-3. Tray Layout and Hydraulics / 例题 10-3. 塔盘布置和水力学 / 361
10.6 Valve Tray Design / 浮阀塔板设计 / 364
10.7 Introduction to Packed Column Design / 填料塔设计简介 / 365
10.8 Packings and Packed Column Internals / 填料和填料塔内构件 / 366
10.9 Packed Column Design: HETP Method / 填料塔设计:等板高度法 / 368
10.9.1 Experimental Determination of HETP / 等板高度的实验测定 / 368
10.9.2 HETP Behavior / HETP行为 / 369
10.9.3 Data-Heuristic Design of Packed Columns / 基于数据经验的填料塔设计 / 370
10.10 Packed Column Flooding and Diameter Calculation / 填料塔液泛和塔径计算 / 371
Example 10-4. Packed Column Diameter Calculation / 例题 10-4. 填料塔直径计算 / 374
Example 10-5. Alternate Packed Column Diameter Calculation / 例题 10-5. 填料塔直径备选计算方法 / 377
10.11 Economic Trade-Offs for Packed Columns / 填料塔经济因素分析 / 378
10.12 Choice of Column Type / 塔类型选择 / 379
10.13 Fire Hazards of Structured Packings / 规整填料的火灾风险 / 381
References / 参考文献 / 382
Problems / 习题 / 385
Appendix. Tray and Downcomer Design with Computer Simulator / 附录. 塔板和降液管设计的计算机模拟 / 392
Lab 10. Detailed Design / 实验 10. 详细设计过程 / 392
第11章 Economics and Energy Efficiency in Distillation
精馏中的经济指标和能量效率 397
11.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要与教学目标 / 397
11.1 Equipment Costs / 设备费用 / 397
11.2 Basic Heat Exchanger Design / 换热器设计基础 / 404
11.3 Design and Operating Effects on Costs / 影响成本的设计与操作因素 / 406
Example 11-1. Cost Estimate for Distillation / 例题 11-1. 精馏成本估算 / 411
11.4 Changes in Plant Operating Rates / 工厂运转率变化 / 414
11.5 Energy Reduction in Binary Distillation Systems / 二元精馏系统的节能 / 415
11.5.1 Energy Conservation in Existing Plants / 现有装置的节能 / 415
11.5.2 Energy Conservation in New Facilities / 新建装置的节能 / 416
11.6 Synthesis of Column Sequences for Almost Ideal Multicomponent Distillation / 近理想多组分精馏塔序组合 / 419
11.6.1 Ternary Column Sequences / 三元塔序 / 420
11.6.2 Heuristics for Sequences with More Components / 多组分塔序的启发法 / 422
Example 11-2. Sequencing Columns with Heuristics / 例题 11-2. 塔序的启发法 / 423
11.7 Synthesis of Distillation Systems for Nonideal Ternary Systems / 非理想三元体系精馏塔序组合 / 425
Example 11-3. Process Development for Separation of Complex Ternary Mixture / 例题 11-3. 复杂三元混合物分离过程开发 / 427
11.8 Next Steps / 后续内容 / 429
References / 参考文献 / 430
Problems / 习题 / 431
第12章 Absorption and Stripping
吸收和解吸 439
12.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要与教学目标 / 440
12.1 Absorption and Stripping Equilibria / 吸收和解吸平衡 / 441
12.2 McCabe-Thiele Solution for Dilute Absorption / 低浓度吸收的麦凯布-蒂勒法求解 / 444
Example 12-1. McCabe-Thiele Analysis for Dilute Absorber / 例题 12-1. 低浓度吸收塔的麦凯布-蒂勒图解分析 / 445
12.3 Stripping Analysis for Dilute Systems / 低浓度体系的解吸分析 / 446
12.4 Analytical Solution for Dilute Systems: Kremser Equation / 低浓度体系的分析方法:克雷姆塞尔方程 / 447
Example 12-2. Stripping Analysis with the Kremser Equation / 例题 12-2. 克雷姆塞尔方程用于解吸分析 / 451
12.5 Efficiencies / 效率 / 452
12.6 McCabe-Thiele Analysis for More Concentrated Systems / 高浓度体系的麦凯布-蒂勒图解分析 / 453
Example 12-3. Graphical Analysis for More Concentrated Absorber / 例题 12-3. 高浓度吸收塔的图解分析 / 455
12.7 Column Diameter / 塔径 / 457
12.8 Dilute Multisolute Absorbers and Strippers / 多元稀溶液的吸收塔和解吸塔 / 458
12.9 Matrix Solution for Concentrated Absorbers and Strippers / 高浓度吸收塔和解吸塔的矩阵求解 / 460
12.10 Irreversible Absorption and Cocurrent Cascades / 不可逆吸收和多级并流吸收 / 463
References / 参考文献 / 465
Problems / 习题 / 466
Appendix. Computer Simulations of Absorption and Stripping / 附录. 吸收和解吸的计算机模拟 / 474
Lab 11. Absorption and Stripping / 实验 11. 吸收和解吸 / 474
第13章 Liquid-Liquid Extraction
液液萃取 481
13.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要与教学目标 / 481
13.1 Introduction to Extraction Processes and Equipment / 萃取工艺与设备概述 / 481
13.2 Equilibrium for Dilute Systems and Solvent Selection / 稀溶液体系的平衡与溶剂选择 / 486
13.3 Dilute, Immiscible, Countercurrent Extraction / 稀溶液不互溶逆流萃取 / 489
13.3.1 McCabe-Thiele Method for Dilute Countercurrent Extraction / 稀溶液逆流萃取的麦凯布-蒂勒图解法 / 489
Example 13-1. Dilute Countercurrent Immiscible Extraction / 例题13-1. 稀溶液不互溶逆流萃取 / 490
13.3.2 Kremser Solution for Dilute Countercurrent Extraction / 稀溶液逆流萃取过程的克雷姆塞尔解析法 / 492
13.3.3 Dilute Fractional Extraction / 稀溶液分馏萃取 / 493
13.3.4 McCabe-Thiele Analysis of Fractional Extraction / 分馏萃取的麦凯布-蒂勒图解分析 / 495
13.3.5 Kremser Equation for Fractional Extraction / 分馏萃取的克雷姆塞尔方程 / 497
Example 13-2. Kremser Solutions for Counter-Current and Fractional Extraction / 例题 13-2. 逆流和分馏萃取的克雷姆塞尔解析法 / 498
13.4 Immiscible Single-Stage and Crossflow Extraction / 不互溶单级错流萃取 / 499
Example 13-3. Single-Stage and Crossflow Extraction of Protein / 例题 13-3. 蛋白质的单级错流萃取 / 500
13.5 Concentrated Immiscible Extraction / 浓溶液不互溶萃取 / 502
Example 13-4. Concentrated Immiscible Extraction / 例题13-4. 浓溶液不互溶萃取 / 503
13.6 Immiscible Batch Extraction / 不互溶间歇萃取 / 506
13.7 Extraction Equilibrium for Partially Miscible Ternary Systems / 部分互溶三元体系的萃取平衡 / 508
13.8 Mixing Calculations and the Lever-Arm Rule / 混合计算和杠杆规则 / 511
13.9 Partially Miscible Single-Stage and Crossflow Systems / 部分互溶单级错流体系 / 513
Example 13-5. Partially Miscible Single-Stage Extraction / 例题 13-5. 部分互溶单级萃取 / 513
13.10 Partially Miscible Countercurrent Extraction / 部分互溶逆流萃取 / 516
13.10.1 External Mass Balances / 全局物料质量衡算 / 516
13.10.2 Difference Points and Stage-by-Stage Calculations / 差点和逐级计算 / 517
13.10.3 Complete Partially Miscible Extraction Problem / 完整的部分互溶萃取问题 / 521
Example 13-6. Countercurrent Extraction / 例题13-6. 逆流萃取 / 521
13.11 Relationship Between McCabe-Thiele and Triangular Diagrams for Partially Miscible Systems / 部分互溶体系的麦凯布-蒂勒图与三角形相图关系 / 522
13.12 Minimum Solvent Rate for Partially Miscible Systems / 部分互溶体系的最小溶剂用量 / 523
13.13 Extraction Computer Simulations / 萃取的计算机模拟 / 525
13.14 Design of Mixer-Settlers / 混合澄清槽的设计 / 526
Example 13-7. Mixer-Settler Design / 例题13-7. 混合澄清槽的设计 / 527
References / 参考文献 / 537
Problems / 习题 / 538
Appendix. Computer Simulation of Extraction / 附录. 萃取的计算机模拟 / 545
Lab 12. Extraction / 实验12. 萃取 / 545
第14章 Washing, Leaching, and Supercritical Extraction
洗涤、浸取和超临界萃取 551
14.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要与教学目标 / 551
14.1 Generalized McCabe-Thiele and Kremser Procedures / 广义麦凯布-蒂勒和克雷姆塞尔程序 / 551
14.2 Washing / 洗涤 / 552
14.2.1 Continuous Washing / 连续洗涤 / 553
Example 14-1. Continuous Washing / 例题14-1. 连续洗涤 / 557
14.2.2 Batch Washing / 间歇洗涤 / 559
14.3 Leaching / 浸取 / 559
14.3.1 Leaching Analysis with Constant Flow Rates / 恒定流速下的浸取分析 / 561
14.3.2 Leaching Analysis with Variable Flow Rates / 可变流速下的浸取分析 / 562
Example 14-2. Leaching Calculation / 例题14-2. 浸取计算 / 562
14.3.3 Simulating Countercurrent Flow in Percolation Leaching / 逆流渗滤浸取过程模拟 / 564
14.4 Introduction to Supercritical Fluid Extraction / 超临界流体萃取简介 / 565
References / 参考文献 / 568
Problems / 习题 / 568
第15章 Introduction to Diffusion and Mass Transfer
扩散和传质简介 575
15.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要与教学目标 / 576
15.1 Molecular Movement Leads to Mass Transfer / 分子运动导致传质 / 577
15.2 Fickian Model of Diffusivity / 菲克扩散模型 / 578
15.2.1 Fick’s Law and the Fickian Definition of Diffusivity / 菲克定律与菲克扩散系数的定义 / 578
15.2.2 Steady-State Binary Fickian Diffusion and Mass Balances without Convection / 无对流的稳态二元菲克扩散和质量衡算 / 580
Example 15-1. Determination of Diffusivity in Dilute Binary Mixture / 例题15-1. 稀二元混合物中扩散系数的测定 / 580
Example 15-2. Steady-State Diffusion without Convection: Low-Temperature Evaporation / 例题 15-2. 无对流的稳态扩散:低温蒸发 / 582
15.2.3 Unsteady Binary Fickian Diffusion with No Convection (Optional) / 无对流的非稳态二元菲克扩散(可选) / 584
15.2.4 Steady-State Binary Fickian Diffusion and Mass Balances with Convection / 有对流的稳态二元菲克扩散和质量守恒 / 586
Example 15-3. Steady-State Diffusion with Convection: High-Temperature Evaporation / 例题 15-3. 有对流的稳态扩散:高温蒸发 / 589
15.3 Values and Correlations for Fickian Binary Diffusivities / 二元菲克扩散系数的数值和关联式 / 593
15.3.1 Fickian Binary Gas Diffusivities / 二元气体菲克扩散系数 / 593
Example 15-4. Estimation of Temperature Effect on Fickian Gas Diffusivity / 题 15-4. 温度对气体菲克扩散系数影响的估算 / 596
15.3.2 Fickian Binary Liquid Diffusivities / 二元液体菲克扩散系数 / 596
15.3.3 Numerical Solution with Variable Binary Diffusivity / 可变二元扩散系数的数值解 / 599
Example 15-5. Numerical Solution for Variable Diffusivity and Molar Concentration / 例题 15-5. 可变扩散系数和摩尔浓度的数值解 / 599
15.4 Linear Driving-Force Model of Mass Transfer for Binary Systems / 二元体系的线性推动力传质模型 / 601
15.4.1 Film Theory for Dilute and Equimolar Transfer Systems / 稀浓度等摩尔传质的双膜理论 / 602
15.4.2 Transfer through Stagnant Films: Absorbers and Strippers / 通过滞留膜的传质:吸收塔和解吸塔 / 605
15.4.3 Binary Mass Transfer to Expanding or Contracting Objects / 膨胀或收缩物体的二元传质 / 606
Example 15-6. Shrinking Diameter of Oxygen Bubble / 例题 15-6. 氧气气泡的收缩直径 / 609
15.4.4 Binary Mass Transfer to Expanding or Contracting Objects: Variable Mass Transfer Coefficient / 膨胀或收缩物体的二元传质:可变传质系数 / 613
Example 15-7. Sublimination of Solid Particle / 例题15-7.固体颗粒的升华 / 614
15.5 Correlations for Mass Transfer Coefficients / 传质系数的关联式 / 615
15.5.1 Dimensionless Groups / 无量纲数群 / 616
15.5.2 Theoretically Derived Mass Transfer Correlations / 理论推导的传质关联式 / 617
15.5.3 Semi-Empirical and Empirical Mass Transfer Coefficient Correlations / 半经验和经验的传质系数关联式 / 621
Example 15-8. Estimation of Mass Transfer Coefficients / 例题 15-8. 传质系数的估算 / 623
15.5.4 Correlations Based on Analogies / 基于类比法的关联式 / 625
15.6 Difficulties with Fickian Diffusion Model / 菲克扩散模型的难点 / 626
15.7 Maxwell-Stefan Model of Diffusion and Mass Transfer / 麦克斯韦-斯特藩扩散与传质模型 / 627
15.7.1 Introductory Development of the Maxwell-Stefan Theory of Diffusion / 麦克斯韦-斯特藩扩散理论入门 / 627
15.7.2 Maxwell-Stefan Equations for Binary Nonideal Systems / 二元非理想体系的麦克斯韦-斯特藩方程 / 629
15.7.3 Determining Independent Fluxes Nj,z / 确定独立通量Nj,z / 630
15.7.4 Maxwell-Stefan Difference Equation Formulations / 麦克斯韦-斯特藩差分方程表达式 / 631
15.7.5 Relationship between Maxwell-Stefan and Fickian Diffusivities / 麦克斯韦-斯特藩扩散系数与菲克扩散系数的关系 / 632
Example 15-9. Maxwell-Stefan Nonideal Binary Diffusion / 例题 15-9. 麦克斯韦-斯特藩非理想二元扩散 / 633
15.7.6 Ideal Ternary Systems / 理想三元体系 / 635
Example 15-10. Maxwell-Stefan Ideal Ternary System / 例题 15-10. 麦克斯韦-斯特藩理想三元体系 / 637
15.7.7 Ternary Mass Transfer to Expanding or Contracting Objects / 膨胀或收缩物体的三元传质 / 639
Example 15-11. Ternary Transfer from An Evaporating Drop / 例题 15-11. 蒸发液滴的三元传质 / 639
15.7.8 Nonideal Ternary Systems / 非理想三元体系 / 640
15.8 Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Diffusion and Mass Transfer Models / 不同扩散和传质模型的优缺点 / 641
15.9 Useful Approximate Values / 有用的近似值 / 642
References / 参考文献 / 642
Problems / 习题 / 643
Appendix. Spreadsheets for Examples 15-10 and 15-11 / 附录. 例题15-10和15-11用到的电子表格 / 650
第16章 Mass Transfer Analysis for Distillation, Absorption, Stripping, and Extraction
精馏、吸收、解吸和萃取的传质分析 653
16.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要与教学目标 / 653
16.1 HTU-NTU Analysis of Packed Distillation Columns / 填料精馏塔的HTU-NTU分析 / 653
Example 16-1. Distillation in A Packed Column / 例题 16-1. 填料精馏塔 / 659
16.2 Relationship of HETP and HTU / HETP和HTU的关系 / 661
16.3 Correlations for HTU Values for Packings / 填料HTU值的关联式 / 663
16.3.1 Bolles and Fair Correlation for HTU Values of Random Packings / 无规填料HTU值的博尔斯-费尔关联式/ 664
Example 16-2. Estimation of HG and HL / 例题 16-2. HG和HL的估算 / 665
16.3.2 Additional Correlations for Random and Structured Packings / 无规填料和规整填料的附加关联式 / 669
16.4 HTU-NTU Analysis of Absorbers and Strippers / 吸收塔和解吸塔的HTU-NTU分析 / 670
Example 16-3. Absorption of SO2 / 例题 16-3. SO2吸收 / 674
16.5 HTU-NTU Analysis of Cocurrent Absorbers / 并流吸收塔的HTU-NTU分析 / 675
16.6 Prediction of Distillation Tray Efficiency / 精馏塔板效率的预测 / 677
Example 16-4. Estimation of Distillation Stage Efficiency / 例题 16-4. 精馏塔板效率估算 / 678
16.7 Mass Transfer Analysis of Extraction / 萃取传质分析 / 679
16.7.1 Extraction Mass Transfer Equations and HTU-NTU Analysis / 萃取传质方程与HTU-NTU分析 / 680
16.7.2 Calculation of Stage Efficiency in Extraction Mixers / 萃取混合器的级效率计算 / 681
Example 16-5. Conversion of Mass Transfer Coefficients and Estimation of Mixer Stage Efficiency / 例题 16-5. 传质系数换算和混合器级效率估算 / 684
16.7.3 Drop Size in Mixers / 混合器中的液滴尺寸 / 686
16.7.4 Mass Transfer Coefficients in Mixers / 混合器中的传质系数 / 687
16.7.4.1 Mixer Mass Transfer Coefficients for Individual Drops (Optional) / 混合器中单个液滴的传质系数(可选) / 687
16.7.4.2 Mass Transfer Coefficients for Drop Swarms in Mixers / 混合器中液滴群的传质系数 / 688
16.7.4.3 Conservative Estimation of Mass Transfer Coefficients for Extraction / 萃取传质系数的保守估算 / 689
16.8 Rate-Based Analysis of Distillation / 基于速率的精馏分析 / 690
References / 参考文献 / 693
Problems / 习题 / 695
Appendix. Computer Rate-Based Simulation of Distillation / 附录. 基于速率的精馏计算机模拟 / 702
Lab 13. Rate-Based Modeling of Distillation / 实验 13. 基于速率的精馏模拟 / 702
第17章 Crystallization from Solution
溶液结晶 705
17.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要与教学目标 / 706
17.1 Basic Principles of Crystallization from Solution / 溶液结晶的基本原理 / 706
17.1.1 Crystallization Processes / 结晶过程 / 706
17.1.2 Binary Equilibrium and Crystallizer Types / 二元相平衡和结晶器类型 / 708
17.2 Continuous Cooling Crystallizers / 连续冷却结晶器 / 712
17.2.1 Equilibrium and Mass Balances for Single Solute Producing Pure Solute Crystals / 单一溶质纯晶体的相平衡和质量衡算 / 713
Example 17-1. Continuous Cooling Crystallizer Mass Balances without Hydrates / 例题 17-1. 非水合物连续冷却结晶器的质量衡算 / 714
Example 17-2. Continuous Cooling Crystallizer Mass Balances for Hydrates / 例题 17-2. 水合物连续冷却结晶器的质量衡算 / 714
Example 17-3. Mixing Solutions When Hydrates Are Dissolved in Water / 例题 17-3.水合物溶于水时的溶液 / 716
17.2.2 Binary Eutectic Systems / 二元共熔体系 / 717
Example 17-4. Eutectic Equilibrium and Mass Balances / 例题 17-4. 共熔平衡和质量衡算 / 718
17.2.3 Deicing with Eutectic Systems / 共熔体系除冰 / 719
17.2.4 Eutectic Freeze Concentration (EFC) / 共熔冷冻浓缩 / 720
17.2.5 Solid Solutions / 固溶体 / 721
17.3 Evaporative and Vacuum Crystallizers / 蒸发结晶器和真空结晶器 / 722
17.3.1 Equipment / 设备 / 722
17.3.2 Analysis of Evaporative Crystallizers for Single-Solute Systems for Producing Pure Solute Crystals / 纯晶体单一溶质蒸发结晶器分析 / 724
Example 17-5. Evaporative Crystallizer without Hydrate / 例题 17-5. 非水合物蒸发结晶器 / 725
Example 17-6. Evaporative Crystallizer with Hydrate / 例题 17-6. 水合物蒸发结晶器 / 725
17.3.3 Simultaneous Mass, Energy, and Equilibrium Calculations / 质量、能量与相平衡的联立求解 / 726
Example 17-7. Vacuum Crystallizer: Simultaneous Mass, Energy, and Equilibrium Calculations / 例题 17-7. 真空结晶器:质量、能量与相平衡的联立求解 / 728
17.4 Experimental Crystal Size Distribution / 晶体粒度分布的实验测定 / 729
Example 17-8. Screen Analysis of Crystallization Data / 例题 17-8. 结晶数据的筛分分析 / 731
17.5 Introduction to Population Balances / 粒数衡算简介 / 734
17.6 Crystal Size Distributions for MSMPR Crystallizers / MSMPR结晶器的晶体粒度分布 / 736
17.6.1 Crystal Nucleation and Growth / 晶体成核与生长 / 737
17.6.2 Development of MSMPR Equation and Determination of G and no from Experiment / MSMPR结晶器方程的建立及晶体生长速率(G)和晶核粒数密度(no)的实验测定 / 740
Example 17-9. Determination of Kinetic Parameters from Screen Analysis Data / 例题 17-9. 从晶体筛分数据确定动力学参数 / 741
17.6.3 Development and Application of Distributions for MSMPR Crystallizers / MSMPR结晶器分布特性的建立与应用 / 742
Example 17-10. Use of Differential Mass Distribution to Analyze Screen Analysis Data / 例题 17-10. 使用差分质量分布分析筛分数据 / 745
Example 17-11. Prediction of Sieve Analysis / 例题 17-11. 筛分分析预测 / 746
Example 17-12. Combination of Equilibrium and MSMPR Distribution / 例题 17-12. 相平衡与MSMPR分布的组合 / 747
17.7 Seeding / 加晶种 / 749
17.7.1 CSD Analysis for Growth on Seeds in Continuous Crystallizers / 连续结晶器中晶种生长的CSD分析 / 750
Example 17-13. CSD of Seeded Crystallizer / 例题 17-13. 加晶种结晶器的CSD分析 / 751
17.7.2 Controlling Crystal Size by Seeding / 加晶种控制晶体尺寸 / 753
Example 17-14. Increasing Crystal Size with Seeding / 例题 17-14. 通过加晶种增大晶体尺寸 / 753
17.8 Scaleup / 放大 / 754
17.9 Batch and Semibatch Crystallization / 间歇和半间歇结晶 / 756
17.9.1 Temperature Control for Batch Cooling Crystallizers / 间歇式冷却结晶器的温度控制 / 756
17.9.2 Antisolvent Crystallization / 反溶剂结晶 / 758
Example 17-15. Antisolvent and Temperature Reduction Crystallization / 例题 17-15. 反溶剂和降温结晶 / 759
17.10 Precipitation / 沉淀 / 761
17.10.1 Precipitation by Antisolvent Addition / 反溶剂法沉淀 / 761
17.10.2 Precipitation by Salting Out / 盐析沉淀 / 762
Example 17-16. Salting out with A Common Ion / 例题 17-16. 同离子盐析 / 762
References / 参考文献 / 764
Problems / 习题 / 765
Appendix. Spreadsheet / 附录. 电子表格 / 772
第18章 Melt Crystallization
熔融结晶 773
18.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要与教学目标 / 773
18.1 Equilibrium Calculations for Melt Crystallization / 熔融结晶的平衡计算 / 774
18.1.1 Binary Eutectic Systems / 二元共熔体系 / 774
Example 18-1. Eutectic Equilibrium and Mass Balances / 例题 18-1. 共熔相平衡和质量衡算 / 775
18.1.2 Eutectic Equilibrium from Freezing Point Lowering Data / 从凝固点下降数据获得共熔相平衡 / 777
Example 18-2. Part A. Equilibrium from Freezing Point Data / 例题 18-2. Part A. 从凝固点数据建立相平衡 / 777
Example 18-2. Part B. Equilibrium from Activity Coefficients / 例题 18-2. Part B. 由活度系数建立相平衡 / 778
18.1.3 Linear Equilibrium for Non-eutectic Melt Crystallization / 非共熔熔融结晶的线性平衡关系 / 779
18.2 Suspension Melt Crystallization / 悬浮熔融结晶 / 780
18.2.1 Process / 过程 / 780
18.2.2 Entrainment / 夹带 / 781
Example 18-3. Entrainment Effects / 例题 18-3. 夹带效应 / 782
18.2.3 Wash Columns / 洗涤塔 / 784
18.2.4 Heat Transfer in Suspension Melt Crystallization / 悬浮熔融结晶中的传热 / 786
18.2.5 Film Mass Transfer in Suspension Melt Crystallization / 悬浮熔融结晶中的膜内传质 / 789
18.2.6 MSMPR and Seeded Crystallizer Analysis in Suspension Melt Crystallization / 悬浮熔融结晶过程的MSMPR和加晶种结晶器分析 / 792
18.3 Introduction to Solid-Layer Crystallization Processes: Progressive Freezing / 固相层熔融结晶过程简介:逐步冷冻法 / 793
18.3.1 Heat and Mass Transfer in Progressive Freezing / 逐步冷冻中的传热和传质 / 793
18.3.2 Mass Balances and Impurity Levels / 质量衡算和杂质含量 / 795
18.3.3 Heat and Mass Transfer Correlations for Progressive Freezing / 逐步冷冻的传热和传质关系 / 796
18.3.4 Growth of the Crystal Layer in Progressive Freezing / 逐步冷冻过程中晶体层的生长 / 798
Example 18-4. Preliminary Calculations for Progressive Freezing / 例题 18-4. 逐步冷冻的初步计算 / 800
Example 18-5. Concentrated Progressive Freezing / 例题 18-5. 逐步冷冻的严密计算 / 802
18.3.5 Interpretation and Conclusions from Progressive Freezing Analysis / 逐步冷冻分析的解释和结论 / 804
18.3.6 Progressive Freezing of Dilute, Non-eutectic, Linear Systems / 稀溶液、非共熔、线性体系的逐步冷冻 / 806
Example 18-6. Dilute Progressive Freezing / 例题 18-6. 稀溶液逐步冷冻 / 807
18.4 Static Solid-Layer Melt Crystallization Process / 静态固相层熔融结晶过程 / 808
18.5 Dynamic Solid-Layer Melt Crystallization / 动态固相层熔融结晶 / 809
18.5.1 Staging Falling-Film Crystallizers / 分级降膜结晶器 / 810
18.5.2 Mass and Energy Balances and Crystal Growth / 质量和能量衡算与晶体生长 / 811
18.5.3 Heat and Mass Transfer Correlations for Falling Films / 降膜的传热传质关系 / 814
Example 18-7. Falling-Film Crystallizer / 例题18-7. 降膜结晶器 / 815
Comments on the Solution Method and the Example / 对求解方法和实例的评价 / 819
18.6 Zone Melting / 区域熔融 / 819
Example 18-8. Zone Melting / 例题 18-8. 区域熔融 / 823
18.7 Post-Crystallization Processing / 结晶后处理 / 824
18.8 Scaleup / 放大 / 827
18.9 Hybrid Crystallization-Distillation Processes / 结晶和精馏的耦合过程 / 828
Example 18-9. Hybrid Crystallization-Distillation Process / 例题 18-9. 结晶-精馏耦合过程 / 830
18.10 Predictions / 预测 / 833
18.10.1 Epitaph for Column Suspension Melt Crystallization Systems / 柱式悬浮熔融结晶系统的谢幕 / 833
18.10.2 The Future of Static Solid-Layer Melt Crystallization / 静态固相层熔融结晶的发展趋势 / 834
References / 参考文献 / 834
Problems / 习题 / 836
第19章 Introduction to Membrane Separation Processes
膜分离过程简介 841
19.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要与教学目标 / 844
19.1 Membrane Separation Equipment / 膜分离设备 / 844
19.2 Membrane Concepts / 膜概念 / 847
19.3 Gas Permeation (GP) / 气体渗透 / 850
19.3.1 GP of Binary Mixtures / 二元混合气的渗透 / 851
19.3.2 Binary Permeation in Perfectly Mixed Systems / 理想混合体系中的二元渗透 / 853
Example 19-1. Well-Mixed GP—Sequential, Analytical Solution / 例题19-1. 充分混合气体渗透—序贯分析求解 / 856
Example 19-2. Well-Mixed GP—Simultaneous Solutions / 例题 19-2. 充分混合气体渗透—同步求解 / 857
19.3.3 Multicomponent Permeation in Perfectly Mixed Systems / 理想混合体系中的多组分渗透 / 861
Example 19-3. Multicomponent, Perfectly Mixed GP / 例题19-3. 多组分理想混合气体的渗透 / 862
19.3.4 Effect of Pores and Holes in Membrane / 膜中孔道和孔洞的影响 / 863
Example 19-4. Effect of Holes / 例题 19-4. 孔洞的影响 / 864
19.4 Osmosis and Reverse Osmosis (RO) / 渗透和反渗透 / 865
19.4.1 Analysis of Osmosis / 渗透过程分析 / 866
19.4.2 Analysis of RO / 反渗透过程分析 / 868
19.4.3 RO in Well-Mixed Modules / 均质模块中的反渗透 / 870
Example 19-5. Determination of RO Membrane Properties / 例题 19-5. 反渗透膜性能测定 / 871
Example 19-6. RO without Concentration Polarization / 例题 19-6. 无浓差极化的反渗透 / 873
19.4.4 Mass Transfer Analysis of Concentration Polarization / 浓差极化的传质分析 / 874
Example 19-7. RO with Concentration Polarization / 例题 19-7. 有浓差极化的反渗透 / 876
Example 19-8. Prediction of RO Performance with Concentration Polarization / 例题 19-8. 有浓差极化的反渗透性能预测 / 878
19.4.5 Forward Osmosis (FO) / 正向渗透 / 879
19.5 Ultrafiltration (UF)` / 超滤 / 881
19.5.1 UF Membranes and Basic Equations / 超滤膜和基本方程 / 882
19.5.2 Gel Formation in UF / 超滤中的凝胶形成 / 884
Example 19-9. UF with Gel Formation / 例题 19-9. 产生凝胶的超滤 / 885
19.5.3 UF Operating Methods / 超滤操作方法 / 886
19.5.4 Microfiltration (MF) / 微滤 / 887
Example 19-10. Part I. MF with Small Particles / 例题 19-10. Part I. 含小颗粒的微滤 / 888
Example 19-10. Part II. MF with Particles > 1.0 μm / 例题 19-10. Part II. 大于1?m颗粒的微滤 / 889
19.5.5 Tricky Units / 棘手的单位 / 890
19.6 Pervaporation / 渗透汽化 / 891
19.6.1 Pervaporation Basics / 渗透汽化基础 / 891
19.6.2 Pervaporation Design Using Experimental Data / 使用实验数据的渗透汽化设计 / 894
Example 19-11. Part I. Pervap—Feasibility Calculation / 例题 19-11. Part I. 渗透汽化—可行性计算 / 896
Example 19-11. Part II. Development of A Feasible Design / 例题 19-11. Part II. 建立可行的渗透汽化过程 / 897
19.6.3 Theoretical Analysis and Design of Pervaporation Systems / 渗透汽化系统的理论分析与设计 / 898
Example 19-12. Analysis of Pervaporation Data / 例题 19-12. 渗透汽化数据分析 / 899
19.7 Bulk Flow Pattern Effects / 主体流型效应 / 902
Example 19-13. Flow Pattern Effects in GP / 例题 19-13. 气体渗透中的流型效应 / 902
19.7.1 Binary Crossflow Permeation / 二元错流渗透 / 903
19.7.2 Binary Cocurrent and Countercurrent Permeation / 二元并流和逆流渗透 / 905
References / 参考文献 / 905
Problems / 习题 / 907
Appendix A. Spreadsheet for Crossflow GP / 附录 A. 用于错流气体渗透计算的电子表格 / 918
第20章 Introduction to Adsorption, Chromatography, and Ion Exchange
吸附、色谱和离子交换简介 923
20.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要与教学目标 / 924
20.1 Adsorbents and Adsorption Equilibrium / 吸附剂和吸附平衡 / 924
20.1.1 Definitions / 定义 / 924
20.1.2 Adsorbent Types / 吸附剂类型 / 926
20.1.3 Adsorption Equilibrium Behavior / 吸附平衡行为 / 929
Example 20-1. Adsorption Equilibrium / 例题 20-1. 吸附平衡 / 932
20.2 Solute Movement Analysis for Linear Systems: Basics and Applications to Chromatography / 线性吸附的溶质迁移分析:色谱的基础和应用 / 935
20.2.1 Movement of Solute in a Column / 溶质在床层内的迁移 / 935
20.2.2 Solute Movement Theory for Linear Isotherms / 线性等温吸附下的溶质迁移理论 / 937
20.2.3 Application of Linear Solute Movement Theory to Purge Cycles and Elution Chromatography / 线性溶质迁移理论在吹扫循环和洗脱色谱中的应用 / 938
Example 20-2. Linear Solute Movement Analysis of Elution Chromatography / 例题 20-2. 洗脱色谱的线性溶质迁移分析 / 939
20.3 Solute Movement Analysis for Linear Systems: Temperature and Pressure Swing Adsorption and Simulated Moving Beds / 线性系统的溶质迁移分析:变温/变压吸附和模拟移动床 / 942
20.3.1 Temperature Swing Adsorption / 变温吸附 / 942
Example 20-3. Thermal Regeneration with Linear Isotherm / 例题 20-3. 线性等温吸附下的热再生 / 945
20.3.2 Pressure Swing Adsorption / 变压吸附 / 950
Example 20-4. PSA System / 例题 20-4. 变压吸附案例 / 952
20.3.3 Simulated Moving Beds / 模拟移动床 / 957
Example 20-5. SMB System / 例题 20-5. 模拟移动床案例 / 960
20.4 Nonlinear Solute Movement Analysis / 非线性溶质迁移分析 / 963
20.4.1 Diffuse Waves / 扩散波 / 963
Example 20-6. Diffuse Wave / 例题 20-6. 扩散波 / 964
20.4.2 Shock Waves / 冲击波 / 966
Example 20-7. Self-sharpening Shock Wave / 例题 20-7. 自锐化冲击波 / 968
20.5 Ion Exchange / 离子交换 / 970
20.5.1 Ion-Exchange Equilibrium / 离子交换平衡 / 972
20.5.2 Movement of Ions / 离子运动 / 974
Example 20-8. Ion Movement for Divalent-Monovalent Exchange / 例题 20-8. 二价-单价交换的离子运动 / 975
References / 参考文献 / 978
Problems / 习题 / 980
第21章 Mass Transfer Analysis of Adsorption, Chromatography, and Ion Exchange
吸附、色谱和离子交换的传质分析 991
21.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要与教学目标 / 991
21.1 Mass and Energy Transfer in Packed Beds / 填充床的质量和能量传递 / 991
21.1.1 Mass Transfer and Diffusion / 传质与扩散 / 992
21.1.2 Column Mass Balances / 床层质量衡算 / 994
21.1.3 Lumped Parameter Mass Transfer / 集总传质参数 / 994
21.1.4 Energy Balances and Heat Transfer / 能量衡算与传热 / 998
21.1.5 Derivation of Solute Movement Theory / 溶质迁移理论的推导 / 999
21.1.6 Detailed Simulators / 相关仿真软件/ 1000
21.2 Mass Transfer Solutions for Linear Systems / 线性吸附下的传质解 / 1000
21.2.1 Lapidus and Amundson Solution for Local Equilibrium with Dispersion in Liquids / 拉皮德斯和阿蒙森关于液体局部扩散平衡的解 / 1000
21.2.2 Superposition in Linear Systems / 线性系统中的叠加 / 1002
Example 21-1. Lapidus and Amundson Solution for Elution / 例题 21-1. 洗脱过程的拉皮德斯和阿蒙森解 / 1003
21.2.3 Linear Chromatography / 线性色谱 / 1004
Example 21-2. Determination of Linear Isotherm Parameters, N, and Resolution for Linear Chromatography / 例题 21-2. 线性等温线参数N的测定和线性色谱的分离度/ 1006
21.3 Nonlinear Systems / 非线性吸附体系 / 1008
21.3.1 Constant Pattern Analysis / 恒定模式分析 / 1008
Example 21-3. Development of Constant Pattern Solution / 例题 21-3. 恒定模式解的推导 / 1010
Example 21-4. Constant Pattern Calculation / 例题 21-4. 恒定模式计算 / 1011
21.3.2 Length of Unused Bed Approach for Constant Patterns / 恒定模式下的未用床层高度 / 1013
21.3.3 Scaling LUB and Constant Pattern Systems / 恒定模式下未用床层高度的放大 / 1015
Example 21-5. Scaling LUB Approach with Pore Diffusion Control / 例题 21-5. 孔扩散控制的未用床层高度放大方法 / 1016
21.3.4 Data Mining Breakthrough Experiments / 数据挖掘穿透实验 / 1018
21.3.5 Review of Proportional Pattern Options / 比例模式选项的回顾 / 1019
21.4 Checklist for Practical Design and Operation / 实用设计与运行检查清单 / 1019
References / 参考文献 / 1021
Problems / 习题 / 1022
Appendix. Aspen Chromatography Simulator / 附录. Aspen 色谱模拟 / 1030
Lab AC1. Introduction to Aspen Chromatography / 实验 AC1. Aspen 色谱介绍 / 1031
Lab AC2. Convergence for Linear Isotherms / 实验 AC2. 线性等温线的收敛 / 1035
Lab AC3. Convergence for Nonlinear Isotherms / 实验 AC3. 非线性等温线的收敛 / 1036
Lab AC4. Cycle Organizer / 实验 AC4. 循环管理器 / 1038
Lab AC5. Flow Reversal/ 实验 AC5. 回流 / 1041
Lab AC6. Ion Exchange / 实验 AC6. 离子交换 / 1045
Lab AC7. SMB and TMB / 实验 AC7. 模拟移动床和真实移动床 / 1048
Lab AC8. Thermal Systems / 实验 AC8. 变温体系 / 1051
Answers to Selected Problems
答案 1057