前言
第1 章　计算机系统概论 ·········· 1
1.1　计算机发展简史 ······················· 1
1.1.1　计算机的产生及发展 ········ 1
1.1.2　计算机的分类 ················ 3
1.1.3　计算机的应用场景 ·········· 7
1.1.4　计算机的发展趋势 ·········· 9
1.2　计算机系统简介 ····················· 10
1.2.1　软硬件系统 ·················· 10
1.2.2　计算机层次结构 ············ 11
1.3　计算机系统的硬件组成 ············ 13
1.3.1　冯·诺依曼原理 ············ 13
1.3.2　计算机的硬件组成 ········· 15
1.4　计算机系统的性能指标 ············ 17
1.5　习题 ··································· 19
第2 章　计算机中数的表示 ····· 20
2.1　进位计数制及进制转换 ············ 20
2.2　数的符号表示 ························ 22
2.2.1　无符号数表示 ··············· 22
2.2.2　有符号数表示 ··············· 23
2.2.3　 BCD 码 ······················· 26
2.2.4　字符数据表示 ··············· 28
2.3　数的定点表示和浮点表示 ········· 30
2.3.1　定点表示 ····················· 31
2.3.2　浮点表示 ····················· 31
2.4　实例：IEEE 754 标准 ·············· 34
2.5　数据校验 ······························ 36
2.5.1　奇偶校验码 ·················· 36
2.5.2　海明校验码 ·················· 37
2.5.3　循环冗余校验码 ············ 39
2.6　习题 ··································· 41
第3 章　运算单元设计 ··········· 44
3.1　逻辑运算和移位运算 ··············· 44
3.1.1　基本逻辑运算 ··············· 44
3.1.2　移位运算 ····················· 45
3.2　定点运算 ······························ 48
3.2.1　加减法运算 ·················· 48
3.2.2　乘法运算 ····················· 52
3.2.3　除法运算 ····················· 63
3.3　浮点运算 ······························ 69
3.3.1　加减法运算 ·················· 70
3.3.2　乘除法运算 ·················· 72
3.4　算术逻辑单元（ALU） ············· 75
3.4.1　 并行加法器与快速进
位链 ··························· 75
3.4.2　ALU 单元 ···················· 80
3.5　习题 ··································· 81
第4 章　存储器系统 ·············· 84
4.1　存储器的分类及层次结构 ········· 84
4.1.1　存储器的分类 ··············· 84
4.1.2　存储器的层次结构 ········· 85
4.2　主存储器 ······························ 87
4.2.1　概述 ··························· 87
4.2.2　随机存储器（RAM） ······· 92
4.2.3　只读存储器（ROM） ······· 98
4.2.4　存储器与CPU 的连接 ··· 104
4.2.5　存储器的扩展 ············· 105
4.3　高速缓冲存储器（Cache） ······· 111
4.3.1　概述 ························· 111
4.3.2　Cache 的工作原理 ········ 112
目　录 V
4.3.3　Cache 的调度与替换 ····· 114
4.4　虚拟存储器 ·························· 117
4.4.1　页式虚拟存储器 ·········· 118
4.4.2　段式虚拟存储器 ·········· 119
4.4.3　段页式虚拟存储器 ······· 120
4.5　辅助存储器 ·························· 121
4.5.1　 磁记录原理与记录
方式 ························· 121
4.5.2　硬磁盘存储器 ············· 123
4.5.3　光盘及其他辅助存储器 ·· 125
4.6　习题 ·································· 127
第5 章　指令系统 ················ 130
5.1　机器指令 ····························· 130
5.1.1　指令格式 ··················· 130
5.1.2　指令的操作码 ············· 131
5.1.3　指令的地址码 ············· 132
5.1.4　指令字长 ··················· 134
5.2　指令类型与数据类型 ·············· 135
5.2.1　指令类型 ··················· 135
5.2.2　数据类型 ··················· 138
5.3　寻址方式 ····························· 140
5.3.1　指令寻址 ··················· 140
5.3.2　数据寻址 ··················· 141
5.3.3　寻址方式综合例题 ······· 148
5.4　RISC 技术 ··························· 150
5.4.1　RISC 的原理 ··············· 150
5.4.2　RISC 的特点 ··············· 151
5.4.3　RISC 与CISC 的比较 ···· 152
5.5　习题 ·································· 152
第6 章　CPU 的结构与设计 ··· 156
6.1　CPU 的功能和组成 ················ 156
6.1.1　CPU 的功能 ················ 156
6.1.2　CPU 的组成 ················ 158
6.2　多级时序与时序系统 ·············· 165
6.2.1　时序控制方式 ············· 165
6.2.2　指令周期与多级时序 ····· 167
6.3　组合逻辑控制器设计 ·············· 171
6.3.1　模型机基本设计 ·········· 172
6.3.2　微操作的节拍安排 ······· 174
6.3.3　 模型机组合逻辑控制器
设计 ························· 176
6.4　微程序控制器设计 ················· 179
6.4.1　微程序基本原理 ·········· 179
6.4.2　 微程序控制器基本
结构 ························· 180
6.4.3　微指令格式设计 ·········· 181
6.4.4　模型机微程序设计 ······· 185
6.5　改进与提升CPU 性能的技术 ··· 189
6.5.1　流水线技术 ················ 189
6.5.2　同步多线程与超线程 ····· 195
6.5.3　多核技术 ··················· 195
6.6　习题 ·································· 196
第7 章　系统总线 ················ 199
7.1　概述 ·································· 199
7.1.1　总线的基本概念 ·········· 199
7.1.2　总线的分类 ················ 200
7.1.3　 总线的特性和性能
指标 ························· 201
7.2　总线结构和总线标准化 ··········· 203
7.2.1　单总线结构 ················ 203
7.2.2　多总线结构 ················ 205
7.2.3　总线的标准化 ············· 208
7.3　总线控制 ····························· 211
7.3.1　总线的判优控制 ·········· 211
7.3.2　 总线的通信控制及信息
传送方式 ··················· 213
7.4　习题 ·································· 218
第8 章　输入输出系统 ·········· 221
8.1　I/O 设备 ······························ 221
8.1.1　I/O 设备的分类 ············ 221
8.1.2　输入设备 ··················· 222
8.1.3　输出设备 ··················· 224
8.1.4　其他I/O 设备 ·············· 233
8.2　I/O 接口 ······························ 236
VI 计算机组成原理
8.2.1　接口的概念 ················ 236
8.2.2　 主机与I/O 设备的信息
交换 ························· 236
8.2.3　接口的功能 ················ 237
8.2.4　接口的结构 ················ 238
8.2.5　接口的编址方式 ·········· 238
8.3　程序直接控制方式 ················· 239
8.3.1　无条件传送方式 ·········· 239
8.3.2　条件传送方式 ············· 239
8.4　程序中断方式 ······················· 242
8.4.1　中断的基本概念 ·········· 242
8.4.2　中断的处理过程 ·········· 243
8.4.3　 程序中断方式接口电路
和I/O 中断的处理过程 ·· 247
8.5　DMA 方式 ··························· 248
8.5.1　DMA 方式的基本概念 ··· 248
8.5.2　DMA 传送方式 ············ 249
8.5.3　 DMA 控制器的组成及
功能 ························· 250
8.5.4　DMA 的工作过程 ········· 252
8.5.5　 DMA 控制器与系统的
连接方式 ··················· 253
8.5.6　 选择型和多路型DMA
控制器 ······················ 254
8.5.7　DMA 方式的特点 ········· 256
8.6　习题 ·································· 256
附录 ·································· 258
附录A　基本逻辑门电路 ··············· 258
附录B　组合逻辑器件 ·················· 258
附录C　基本时序电路 ·················· 260
参考文献 ···························· 262