- 化学工业出版社
- 9787122413659
- 1版
- 434408
- 48250795-1
- 16开
- 2022-09
- 444
- 308
- ①O6
- 化学类
- 本科
作者简介
内容简介
General Chemistry（《普通化学》）根据我国高等院校工科专业学生对化学学习的需求及特点编写而成。书中从物质结构出发，阐明组成物质的原子及分子结构及其作用力，结合热力学、动力学、溶液、电化学、配位化学等基本化学原理，探讨当今迅速发展的材料、能源、环境、信息、国防等工程领域中的一些化学应用问题。本书内容精而不简，通用性强，注重可靠性、规范性的同时体现先进性和创新性。
本书可作为高等院校各工科专业的全英文或双语化学基础课教学用书，也可供自学者、工程技术人员参考使用。
本书可作为高等院校各工科专业的全英文或双语化学基础课教学用书，也可供自学者、工程技术人员参考使用。
目录
Chapter 1 Introduction1
1.1 The Purpose of Chemistry Research and Its Brief History1
1.1.1 What Is Chemistry?1
1.1.2 A Brief History of Chemistry2
1.2 Modern Chemistry and High Technology4
1.2.1 Aerospace Technology4
1.2.2 Energy and Environment6
1.2.3 Flexible Electronic Technology6
1.3 The Role, Status and Development Prospect of Chemistry7
1.3.1 The Role and Status of Chemistry7
1.3.2 The Development Prospect for Chemistry8
Chapter 2 Chemical Composition and Aggregation of Substances11
2.1 Chemical Composition of the Substance11
2.2 Gases12
2.2.1 Gas Phase12
2.2.2 Ideal Gases12
2.2.3 Gas Storage and Transportation14
2.3 Liquids15
2.3.1 Basic Properties of Liquids15
2.3.2 Solution17
2.4 Solids18
2.4.1 Introduction of Solids18
2.4.2 Crystal Characteristics18
2.4.3 Types of Crystals19
2.4.4 Solid’s Applications22
2.5 Other Forms of Matter22
2.5.1 Liquid Crystals22
2.5.2 Supercritical State23
2.5.3 Plasma State24
2.6 Change of State25
2.6.1 Three Phase Diagram of Pure Substance25
2.6.2 Vaporization of Liquids26
2.6.3 Liquefaction of Gases27
2.6.4 Other State Changes28
Exercises28
Chapter 3 Atomic Structure and Periodic Table of Elements30
3.1 Atomic Structure30
3.1.1 Electrons in Atom31
3.1.2 Bohr’s Theory of the Hydrogen33
3.1.3 Schrodinger Equation for Hydrogen35
3.1.4 The Shapes of the Orbitals36
3.1.5 Electron Configurations40
3.2 Chemical Elements and the Periodic Table43
3.3 Atomic Chemical Properties45
3.3.1 Atomic Radius45
3.3.2 Ionization Energy47
3.3.3 Electron Affinity51
Exercises52
Chapter 4 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure54
4.1 Chemical Bonding54
4.1.1 Lewis Theory54
4.1.2 The Covalent Bond: A Quantum Mechanical Concept56
4.1.3 Introduction to the Valence Bond Method57
4.1.4 Characteristics of Covalent Bond57
4.1.5 Types of Covalent Bond58
4.1.6 Bond Parameters59
4.2 Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory62
4.3 Hybrid Orbital Theory and Molecular Structure64
4.3.1 Hybrid Orbital Theory64
4.3.2 Hybridization Scheme64
4.4 Molecular Polarity and Polarization67
4.4.1 Polar Covalent Bond and Nonpolar Covalent Bond67
4.4.2 Dipole Moment and Molecular Polarity68
4.4.3 Molecular Polarization69
4.5 Intermolecular Forces70
4.5.1 van der Waals Forces70
4.5.2 Hydrogen Bonding74
Exercises78
Chapter 5 Heat Effect of Chemical Reaction and Energy Utilization79
5.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics79
5.1.1 Some Thermodynamic Terminology79
5.1.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics87
5.2 Heat Interaction During Chemical Process88
5.2.1 Heats of Reaction89
5.2.2 Enthalpy Change of Reaction: ΔrHm91
5.2.3 Enthalpy Change Accompanying a Change in State of Matter93
5.2.4 Standard States and Standard Enthalpies of Reaction94
5.3 Hess’s Law and Its Applications94
5.3.1 Hess’s Law and Applications94
5.3.2 Basic Thermodynamics Data: Standard Molar Enthalpies of Formation96
5.3.3 Standard Molar Combustion Enthalpy99
5.4 Fuels as Sources of Energy100
5.4.1 Solar Energy101
5.4.2 Biomass Energy104
5.4.3 Hydrogen Energy105
5.4.4 Natural Gas Hydrate108
Exercises109
Chapter 6 Basic Principles of Chemical Reaction111
6.1 Spontaneous Reaction and Entropy111
6.1.1 Spontaneous Reaction and Its Thermal Effect112
6.1.2 Entropy and the Direction of Spontaneous Reaction113
6.2 Gibbs Function Changes and Judgment of Spontaneous Direction of Reaction117
6.2.1 Gibbs Function Changes and Gibbs Function Criterion117
6.2.2 Standard Molar Gibbs Function Variation of Reaction and Its Calculation118
6.2.3 Application of Gibbs Formula121
6.2.4 Gibbs Function Changes under Nonstandard Condition124
6.3 Chemical Equilibrium126
6.3.1 The Equilibrium Constant127
6.3.2 The Main Factors Affecting the Chemical Equilibrium132
6.4 Chemical Reaction Rate139
6.4.1 Reaction Mechanisms140
6.4.2 Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rate144
6.4.3 Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate149
6.4.4 Effect of Catalyst on Reaction Rate153
Exercises158
Chapter 7 Solution and Ion Equilibrium165
7.1 Colligative Properties166
7.1.1 Vapor Pressure Lowering166
7.1.2 Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation169
7.1.3 Osmotic Pressure of Solution173
7.2 Weak Electrolyte Dissociation Equilibrium and Buffer Solution175
7.2.1 The Development of Acid-Base Theory175
7.2.2 The Self-ionization of Water and the pH Scale177
7.2.3 Single-phase Dissociation Equilibrium: The Dissociation of Weak Acid and Weak Base178
7.2.4 Buffer Solution183
7.3 Precipitation Dissolution Equilibrium of Insoluble Strong Electrolytes187
7.3.1 Solubility Product187
7.3.2 Solubility Product Rules189
Exercises195
Chapter 8 Applied Electrochemistry197
8.1 Voltaic Cell and Cell Diagram197
8.1.1 Voltaic Cell197
8.1.2 Electrode, Cell Reaction and Cell Diagram199
8.2 Generation, Determination, Influencing Factors and Application of Electrode Potential201
8.2.1 Generation of Electrode Potential: Electric Double Layer Theory202
8.2.2 Measurement of Standard Electrode Potential203
8.2.3 Nernst Equation: Effect of Concentration on Electrode Potential208
8.2.4 Application of Electrode Potential and EMF211
8.3 Electrolytic Cell216
8.3.1 Composition and Electrode Reaction of Electrolytic Cells216
8.3.2 Main Factors Affecting Electrode Reaction217
8.3.3 Decomposition Voltage and over Voltage221
8.3.4 General Law of Electrolytic Products224
8.3.5 Application of Electrolysis225
8.4 Chemical Power Supply228
8.4.1 Classification of Chemical Power Sources228
8.4.2 Electromotive Force, Open Circuit Voltage and Working Voltage of Chemical Power Supply228
8.4.3 Voltaic Cells229
8.4.4 Secondary Battery231
8.4.5 Fuel Cells232
8.4.6 Environmental Pollution Caused by Chemical Power Supply and
Its Treatment Measures236
Exercises238
Chapter 9 Corrosion and Material Protection242
9.1 Principle and Rate of Metal Corrosion242
9.1.1 Principle of Electrochemical Corrosion243
9.1.2 Polarization of Corrosion Battery and Factors Affecting Corrosion Rate244
9.2 Main Methods to Prevent Metal Corrosion248
9.2.1 Improve the Anticorrosion Performance of Metal248
9.2.2 The Use of Various Protective Layers249
9.2.3 Corrosion Inhibitor Method249
9.2.4 Electrochemical Protection250
9.3 Protection of Polymer Materials251
9.3.1 Influence Mechanism of Environmental Factors252
9.3.2 Anti-aging Measures255
9.4 Electronic Packaging Materials257
9.4.1 Main Performance Requirements for Electronic Packaging Materials257
9.4.2 Commonly Used Electronic Packaging Materials258
9.4.3 Preparation Method of Metal-based Composite Electronic Packaging Materials261
Exercises262
Chapter 10 Metal Coordination Compound263
10.1 Basic Concepts and Nomenclature264
10.1.1 Coordinate Bonds and Coordination Compounds264
10.1.2 Composition and Type of Complexes264
10.1.3 Ligands266
10.1.4 Naming Coordination Compounds268
10.2 Complex Ion Equilibria270
10.2.1 Dissociation Balance and Equilibrium Constant of Complex Ion270
10.2.2 The Coordination Equilibria272
10.3 The Chemical Bond Theory in Coordination Compounds275
10.3.1 Valence Bond Theory275
10.3.2 Crystal Field Theory (CFT)278
10.4 Applications of Coordination Chemistry283
10.4.1 Nitrogenase (Nitrogen Fixation)283
10.4.2 Cisplatin: A Cancer-fighting Drug284
10.4.3 Sequestering Metal Ions285
10.4.4 Photosynthesis286
10.4.5 Metalloprotein and Metalloenzyme287
Exercises290
Appendix291
ⅠSome Basic Constants of Physics and Chemistry291
ⅡThermodynamic Properties of Substances at 298.15K291
ⅢDissociation Equilibrium Constants of Weak Electrolytes in Water at 298.15K295
ⅣSolubility Product of Common Insoluble Electrolytes297
ⅤStandard Electrode (Reduction) Potentials at 298.15K298
ⅥSaturated Vapor Pressure of Water at Different Temperatures302
ⅦGround-state Electron Configurations305
References307
Periodic Table of the Elements 308
1.1 The Purpose of Chemistry Research and Its Brief History1
1.1.1 What Is Chemistry?1
1.1.2 A Brief History of Chemistry2
1.2 Modern Chemistry and High Technology4
1.2.1 Aerospace Technology4
1.2.2 Energy and Environment6
1.2.3 Flexible Electronic Technology6
1.3 The Role, Status and Development Prospect of Chemistry7
1.3.1 The Role and Status of Chemistry7
1.3.2 The Development Prospect for Chemistry8
Chapter 2 Chemical Composition and Aggregation of Substances11
2.1 Chemical Composition of the Substance11
2.2 Gases12
2.2.1 Gas Phase12
2.2.2 Ideal Gases12
2.2.3 Gas Storage and Transportation14
2.3 Liquids15
2.3.1 Basic Properties of Liquids15
2.3.2 Solution17
2.4 Solids18
2.4.1 Introduction of Solids18
2.4.2 Crystal Characteristics18
2.4.3 Types of Crystals19
2.4.4 Solid’s Applications22
2.5 Other Forms of Matter22
2.5.1 Liquid Crystals22
2.5.2 Supercritical State23
2.5.3 Plasma State24
2.6 Change of State25
2.6.1 Three Phase Diagram of Pure Substance25
2.6.2 Vaporization of Liquids26
2.6.3 Liquefaction of Gases27
2.6.4 Other State Changes28
Exercises28
Chapter 3 Atomic Structure and Periodic Table of Elements30
3.1 Atomic Structure30
3.1.1 Electrons in Atom31
3.1.2 Bohr’s Theory of the Hydrogen33
3.1.3 Schrodinger Equation for Hydrogen35
3.1.4 The Shapes of the Orbitals36
3.1.5 Electron Configurations40
3.2 Chemical Elements and the Periodic Table43
3.3 Atomic Chemical Properties45
3.3.1 Atomic Radius45
3.3.2 Ionization Energy47
3.3.3 Electron Affinity51
Exercises52
Chapter 4 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure54
4.1 Chemical Bonding54
4.1.1 Lewis Theory54
4.1.2 The Covalent Bond: A Quantum Mechanical Concept56
4.1.3 Introduction to the Valence Bond Method57
4.1.4 Characteristics of Covalent Bond57
4.1.5 Types of Covalent Bond58
4.1.6 Bond Parameters59
4.2 Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory62
4.3 Hybrid Orbital Theory and Molecular Structure64
4.3.1 Hybrid Orbital Theory64
4.3.2 Hybridization Scheme64
4.4 Molecular Polarity and Polarization67
4.4.1 Polar Covalent Bond and Nonpolar Covalent Bond67
4.4.2 Dipole Moment and Molecular Polarity68
4.4.3 Molecular Polarization69
4.5 Intermolecular Forces70
4.5.1 van der Waals Forces70
4.5.2 Hydrogen Bonding74
Exercises78
Chapter 5 Heat Effect of Chemical Reaction and Energy Utilization79
5.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics79
5.1.1 Some Thermodynamic Terminology79
5.1.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics87
5.2 Heat Interaction During Chemical Process88
5.2.1 Heats of Reaction89
5.2.2 Enthalpy Change of Reaction: ΔrHm91
5.2.3 Enthalpy Change Accompanying a Change in State of Matter93
5.2.4 Standard States and Standard Enthalpies of Reaction94
5.3 Hess’s Law and Its Applications94
5.3.1 Hess’s Law and Applications94
5.3.2 Basic Thermodynamics Data: Standard Molar Enthalpies of Formation96
5.3.3 Standard Molar Combustion Enthalpy99
5.4 Fuels as Sources of Energy100
5.4.1 Solar Energy101
5.4.2 Biomass Energy104
5.4.3 Hydrogen Energy105
5.4.4 Natural Gas Hydrate108
Exercises109
Chapter 6 Basic Principles of Chemical Reaction111
6.1 Spontaneous Reaction and Entropy111
6.1.1 Spontaneous Reaction and Its Thermal Effect112
6.1.2 Entropy and the Direction of Spontaneous Reaction113
6.2 Gibbs Function Changes and Judgment of Spontaneous Direction of Reaction117
6.2.1 Gibbs Function Changes and Gibbs Function Criterion117
6.2.2 Standard Molar Gibbs Function Variation of Reaction and Its Calculation118
6.2.3 Application of Gibbs Formula121
6.2.4 Gibbs Function Changes under Nonstandard Condition124
6.3 Chemical Equilibrium126
6.3.1 The Equilibrium Constant127
6.3.2 The Main Factors Affecting the Chemical Equilibrium132
6.4 Chemical Reaction Rate139
6.4.1 Reaction Mechanisms140
6.4.2 Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rate144
6.4.3 Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate149
6.4.4 Effect of Catalyst on Reaction Rate153
Exercises158
Chapter 7 Solution and Ion Equilibrium165
7.1 Colligative Properties166
7.1.1 Vapor Pressure Lowering166
7.1.2 Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation169
7.1.3 Osmotic Pressure of Solution173
7.2 Weak Electrolyte Dissociation Equilibrium and Buffer Solution175
7.2.1 The Development of Acid-Base Theory175
7.2.2 The Self-ionization of Water and the pH Scale177
7.2.3 Single-phase Dissociation Equilibrium: The Dissociation of Weak Acid and Weak Base178
7.2.4 Buffer Solution183
7.3 Precipitation Dissolution Equilibrium of Insoluble Strong Electrolytes187
7.3.1 Solubility Product187
7.3.2 Solubility Product Rules189
Exercises195
Chapter 8 Applied Electrochemistry197
8.1 Voltaic Cell and Cell Diagram197
8.1.1 Voltaic Cell197
8.1.2 Electrode, Cell Reaction and Cell Diagram199
8.2 Generation, Determination, Influencing Factors and Application of Electrode Potential201
8.2.1 Generation of Electrode Potential: Electric Double Layer Theory202
8.2.2 Measurement of Standard Electrode Potential203
8.2.3 Nernst Equation: Effect of Concentration on Electrode Potential208
8.2.4 Application of Electrode Potential and EMF211
8.3 Electrolytic Cell216
8.3.1 Composition and Electrode Reaction of Electrolytic Cells216
8.3.2 Main Factors Affecting Electrode Reaction217
8.3.3 Decomposition Voltage and over Voltage221
8.3.4 General Law of Electrolytic Products224
8.3.5 Application of Electrolysis225
8.4 Chemical Power Supply228
8.4.1 Classification of Chemical Power Sources228
8.4.2 Electromotive Force, Open Circuit Voltage and Working Voltage of Chemical Power Supply228
8.4.3 Voltaic Cells229
8.4.4 Secondary Battery231
8.4.5 Fuel Cells232
8.4.6 Environmental Pollution Caused by Chemical Power Supply and
Its Treatment Measures236
Exercises238
Chapter 9 Corrosion and Material Protection242
9.1 Principle and Rate of Metal Corrosion242
9.1.1 Principle of Electrochemical Corrosion243
9.1.2 Polarization of Corrosion Battery and Factors Affecting Corrosion Rate244
9.2 Main Methods to Prevent Metal Corrosion248
9.2.1 Improve the Anticorrosion Performance of Metal248
9.2.2 The Use of Various Protective Layers249
9.2.3 Corrosion Inhibitor Method249
9.2.4 Electrochemical Protection250
9.3 Protection of Polymer Materials251
9.3.1 Influence Mechanism of Environmental Factors252
9.3.2 Anti-aging Measures255
9.4 Electronic Packaging Materials257
9.4.1 Main Performance Requirements for Electronic Packaging Materials257
9.4.2 Commonly Used Electronic Packaging Materials258
9.4.3 Preparation Method of Metal-based Composite Electronic Packaging Materials261
Exercises262
Chapter 10 Metal Coordination Compound263
10.1 Basic Concepts and Nomenclature264
10.1.1 Coordinate Bonds and Coordination Compounds264
10.1.2 Composition and Type of Complexes264
10.1.3 Ligands266
10.1.4 Naming Coordination Compounds268
10.2 Complex Ion Equilibria270
10.2.1 Dissociation Balance and Equilibrium Constant of Complex Ion270
10.2.2 The Coordination Equilibria272
10.3 The Chemical Bond Theory in Coordination Compounds275
10.3.1 Valence Bond Theory275
10.3.2 Crystal Field Theory (CFT)278
10.4 Applications of Coordination Chemistry283
10.4.1 Nitrogenase (Nitrogen Fixation)283
10.4.2 Cisplatin: A Cancer-fighting Drug284
10.4.3 Sequestering Metal Ions285
10.4.4 Photosynthesis286
10.4.5 Metalloprotein and Metalloenzyme287
Exercises290
Appendix291
ⅠSome Basic Constants of Physics and Chemistry291
ⅡThermodynamic Properties of Substances at 298.15K291
ⅢDissociation Equilibrium Constants of Weak Electrolytes in Water at 298.15K295
ⅣSolubility Product of Common Insoluble Electrolytes297
ⅤStandard Electrode (Reduction) Potentials at 298.15K298
ⅥSaturated Vapor Pressure of Water at Different Temperatures302
ⅦGround-state Electron Configurations305
References307
Periodic Table of the Elements 308
